Abstract
The depiction of the current mortality decline in Indonesia and its exact magnitude requires measures like the neonatal mortality rates, infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, or life expectancy that are ideally provided by the national civil registration system. However, civil registration remains inadequate in Indonesia and we have to rely on survey and census data to obtain reliable measures of mortality. Yet, these sources of data yield a wide range of estimates. In this paper, different approaches to measuring mortality rates are used leading to variations in the assessment of the progress made.
DHS data for Indonesia, which provides direct estimates of the NMR, IMR, and U5MR, should be interpreted with caution. Trends in childhood mortality rates over time indicate that it is becoming difficult to further reduce these measures, and lowering the NMR is more difficult than lowering the IMR and U5MR.
Indonesia is still facing high childhood mortality rates with wide disparities among regions. Regional inequality in mortality rates should be taken into consideration in developing policies for reducing mortality. Evidence-based planning, however, requires reliable and timely information. A better registration and health information system is urgently needed in Indonesia.
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Notes
- 1.
Manual X of United Nations provides guidance in applying indirect method of childhood mortality estimation (Department of International Economic and Social Affairs 1983). Model life tables developed by Coale and Demeny (1983) have been widely used to establish indirect techniques.Indonesia in applying indirect techniques to estimate childhood mortality always adopt the use of West Model of Coale and Demeny Life Tables.
- 2.
The modern Population Census (PC) after Independence in Indonesia were conducted for the years 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010.
- 3.
Birth histories, with a mother being asked for information on the date of birth and, if relevant, the age at death of every live-born child she has had, were collected by IDHSs. Information derived from birth histories, were used to calculate directly measures of childhood mortality (including NMR, IMR and U5MR), dividing deaths for given ages and time periods by exposure to risk in terms of person-years of life lived by the reported children.
- 4.
2010 PC included questions on recent births and deaths since 1 January 2009. Information on deaths and census count of household members by age group can be used to construct a life table and life table-based estimates of IMR, U5MR and E0 can then be calculated. Although PC does not give sampling error, death events reported by PC may be prone to underestimation.
- 5.
Dual systems approach to estimate incompleteness of birth and death events follow the concept developed by Chandrasekaran and Deming as cited in Shryock and Siegel (1982).
- 6.
ARR needed to meet MDG-4 target achievement.
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Soemantri, S., Afifa, T. (2016). Mortality Trends in Indonesia. In: Guilmoto, C., Jones, G. (eds) Contemporary Demographic Transformations in China, India and Indonesia. Demographic Transformation and Socio-Economic Development, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24783-0_4
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