Abstract
Metropolitan areas require a large flow of environmental services in order to maintain their structures and their population especially considering the challenges associated with climate change. The aim of this chapter is to study inequities among municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo—MRSP related to Human Development Index—HDI and the provision and demand for water as an environmental service. Indeed, the growth of metropolitan areas implies pressures for the production of wealth and supply for the population needs resulting in environmental and social pressures as well. This study was conducted by using secondary indicators provided by Brazilian public institutions. In terms of water supply there is a complex and unfair relationship between the municipalities considering their role as providers or receivers of environmental services and so significant inequalities can be observed in the metropolitan area, according to the historic process of urban despoliation characteristic of a developing country. There is a clear distinction between municipalities that have a greater demand for water and those that produce it, since these latter often present worse HDI. In conclusion the diversity of a metropolitan region can be considered necessary in terms of municipalities with different roles. Otherwise, the inequities in the municipalities’ providers of environmental services reveal a context of vulnerability, and such asymmetrical scenario must be considered in order to increase the metropolitan resilience towards uncertain climate change scenarios.
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Notes
- 1.
This paper was written in May 2015.
- 2.
In the MRSP, the watershed-protected areas are those with a formal delimitation and a legal restriction for occupation and anthropic activities. The municipalities that accounts substantial parts of their territories under watershed protection have for instance some limitations in order to develop economic activities. The amount of native forest remnants in the metropolitan region are not necessarily included in the watershed-protected areas, but both are important categories in order to provide environmental services.
- 3.
Mairiporã is a very important municipality in terms of the total amount of water supply for the MRSP, once it receives water from other river basins from outside of the metropolitan territory. However, as the criteria applied in this study was to discuss about the internal metropolitan capacity of providing environmental services, Mairiporã was not classified as one of the main potential providers considering the amount of native forest remnants or watershed protected area.
- 4.
HDI—IBGE 2011.
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Acknowledgements
FAPESP—São Paulo Research Foundation for sponsoring the Bluegrass research project (proc.n.2013/50537-0); CNPq—National Council for Scientific and Technological Development for providing scholarship to A.K.M. Imperio-Favaro; CAPES—Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel for providing scholarship to Natasha Ceretti Maria; and INCLINE—Interdisciplinary Climate Investigation Center/University of São Paulo.
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Favaro, A.K.M.d.I. et al. (2016). Inequities and Challenges for a Metropolitan Region to Improve Climate Resilience. In: Leal Filho, W., Azeiteiro, U., Alves, F. (eds) Climate Change and Health. Climate Change Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24660-4_24
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