Abstract
In creating a naturally pleasing esthetic smile in smile design procedure, the clinician should use horizontal and vertical lines between anatomical landmarks of the face to produce harmonious form and balance between teeth, gingiva, lips, and face. A variety of essential facial landmarks are used for smile analysis, and these should be examined using guidelines for facial symmetry and proportions. In general, the concept of facial analysis comprises dividing the face horizontally into three equal thirds for optimal balance and pleasing proportions for achievement of a more attractive and harmonious face. In addition to facial evaluation through smile analysis, the clinician should also evaluate the lateral facial profile in collaboration with the orthodontist using cephalometric radiographs for appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan of a case.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
McLaren EA, Culp L. Smile analysis. J Cosmet Dent. 2013;29(1):94–108.
Calamia JR, Levine JB, Lipp M, Cisneros G, Wolff MS. Smile design and treatment planning with the help of a comprehensive esthetic evaluation form. Dent Clin N Am. 2011;55(2):187–209.
Gurel G. The science and art of porcelain laminate veneers. Ergolding, Germany: Carol Stream: Quintessence Publishing Co. Ltd; 2003. p. 59–109.
Davis NC. Smile design. Dent Clin N Am. 2007;51(2):299–318.
McLaren EA, Rifkin R. Macroesthetics: facial and dentofacial analysis. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2002;30(11):839–46.
Rifkin R. Facial analysis: a comprehensive approach to treatment planning in aesthetic dentistry. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent. 2000;12(9):865–71.
Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(1):39–45.
Kirtley GE. The art of a beautiful smile. J Cosmet Dent. 2008;24(3):122–31.
Naini FB, Gill DS. Facial aesthetics: 2. Clinical assessment. Dent Update. 2008;35(3):159–70.
de Lima Lucas B, Junior RB, Gonçalves LC, Gavião MBD, Gomes VL. Research and clinical applications of facial analysis in dentistry. In: Mandeep Virdi, editor. Oral health care – prosthodontics, periodontology, biology, research and systemic conditions. InTech. ISBN 978-953-51-0040-9. doi: 10.5772/34702. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/oral-health-care-prosthodontics-periodontology-biology-research-and-systemic-conditions/research-and-clinical-applications-of-facial-analysis-in-dentistry.
Bhuvaneswaran M. Principles of smile design. J Conserv Dent. 2010;13(4):225–32.
Gomes VL, Gonçalves LC, Correia CL, Lucas BL, Carvalho PM. Vertical dimension of the face analyzed by digital photographs. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2008;3(4):362–70.
Viazis AD. A new measurement of profile esthetics. J Clin Orthod. 1991;25(1):15–20.
Arnett GW, Bergman RT. Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning – part II. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103(5):395–411.
Levine JB. Esthetic diagnosis. In: Current concepts in cosmetic dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 1994. p. 9–17.
Burstone CJ. Lip posture and its significance in treatment planning. Am J Orthod. 1967;53(4):262–84.
Saxby PJ, Freer TJ. Dentoskeletal determinants of soft tissue morphology. Angle Orthod. 1985;55(2):147–54.
Washe M, Hepps R, Geissberger M. Guiding principles of esthetic dentistry. In: Su S, editor. Esthetic dentistry in clinical practice. 1st ed. Ames: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 9–17.
Hoopingarner CR. Simplified smile design: everyday predictability – part I. J Laser Dent. 2010;18(1):19–23.
Latta Jr GH. The midline and its relation to anatomic landmarks in the edentulous patient. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;59(6):681–3.
Kokich Jr VO, Kiyak HA, Shapiro PA. Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. J Esthet Dent. 1999;11(6):311–24.
Johnston CD, Burden DJ, Stevenson MR. The influence of dental to facial midline discrepancies on dental attractiveness ratings. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21(5):517–22.
Reidel RR. The relation of maxillary structures to cranium in malocclusion and in normal occlusion. Angle Orthod. 1952;22:142–5.
Tweed CH. The Frankfort-mandibular incisor angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis. Angle Orthod. 1954;24:121–69.
Rudee DA. Proportional profile changes concurrent with orthodontic therapy. Am J Orthod. 1964;50:421–34.
Lo FD, Hunter WS. Changes in nasolabial angle related maxillary incisor retraction. Am J Orthod. 1982;82:384–91.
Ramos AL, Sakima MT, Pinto Ados S, Bowman SJ. Upper lip changes correlated to maxillary incisor retraction – a metallic implant study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:499–505.
Ricketts RM. Perspectives in the clinical application of cephalometrics. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:115–50.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yildiz, E., Yucel, T., Erdemir, U., Cakan, D.G. (2016). Facial-Dentofacial Analysis. In: Erdemir, U., Yildiz, E. (eds) Esthetic and Functional Management of Diastema. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24361-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24361-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24359-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24361-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)