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Major On-going Cases with Information Concealment Practice

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Man-made Catastrophes and Risk Information Concealment

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Abstract

The synthesis presented in the previous chapter of the main factors facilitating or creating concealment of information, which led to or amplified the previously reviewed disasters, provides the basis for watching, analyzing and understanding some on-going cases for which large-scale information concealment associated with critical technology and pressing social issues are at work.

History does not repeat itself, but it can rhyme

Mark Twain

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it

George Santayana

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Notes

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    Wolfgang Kröger and Didier Sornette, Reflections on Limitations of Current PSA Methodology, ANS PSA 2013 International Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Analysis, Columbia, South Carolina, USA, Sep. 22–26, 2013, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2013),

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  6. 6.

    The Annual Energy Outlook 2014, U.S. Energy Information Administration, May 2014, p. MT-22.

  7. 7.

    Ibid, p. ES-2.

  8. 8.

    Gal Luft, Anne Korin, Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 145.

  9. 9.

    Andrei Korzhubaev and Alexander Khurshudov, Shale Gas: Great Expectations, Modest Plans, Oil & Gas Eurasia, Dec. 2011, p. 24.

  10. 10.

    Zhongmin Wang and Alan Krupnick, A Retrospective Review of Shale Gas Development in the United States What Led to the Boom?, Resources for the Future, Apr. 2013, p. 24.

  11. 11.

    U.S. Natural Gas Wellhead Price (1922–2013), U.S. Energy Information Administration, Apr. 2014.

  12. 12.

    Oil: Crude oil prices 1861–2009, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010, June 2010.

  13. 13.

    Gal Luft, Anne Korin, Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century: A Reference Handbook, ABC-CLIO, 2009, p. 146.

  14. 14.

    During our calculations we use following conversion rates of natural gas from American metrics into European one: 1 million British Thermal Units (MMbtu) = 1000 cubic foots (Mcf), 35,000 cubic foots (Mcf) = 1000 cubic meters (m3) of natural gas. We use factor 35 for conversation price of 1 MMbtu into 1000 m3.

  15. 15.

    The Future of Natural Gas, Appendix 2D: Shale Gas Economic Sensitivities, MIT Energy Initiative, 2011, p. 2.

  16. 16.

    First 5 years of “shale gas revolution”. What we now know for sure? Centre for Global Energy Markets of Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nov. 2012, pp. 25–26, 32.

  17. 17.

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  18. 18.

    Ivan Sandrea, US shale gas and tight oil industry performance: challenges and opportunities, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Mar. 21, 2014, p. 4.

  19. 19.

    Mikhail Korchemkin, East European Gas Analysis, September 11, 2014, http://www.eegas.com/rep2014q1-cost_e.htm.

  20. 20.

    Selam Gebrekidan, Insight: Peak, pause or plummet? Shale oil costs at crossroads, Reuters, May 17, 2012.

  21. 21.

    Leonardo Maugeri, The shale oil boom: a U.S. Phenomenon, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2013, p. 13.

  22. 22.

    Ivan Sandrea, US shale gas and tight oil industry performance: challenges and opportunities, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Mar. 21, 2014, p. 3.

  23. 23.

    Leonardo Maugeri, The shale oil boom: a U.S. Phenomenon, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, June 2013, p. 25.

  24. 24.

    Interview with Ali Al-Naimi, Saudi Arabian Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources and former CEO of Saudi Aramco, from documentary “60 Minutes: Season 41, Episode 11: The Oil Kingdom”, CBS television network, 7 Dec. 2008.

  25. 25.

    Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, Iraq's Crude Awakening, The Time, May 10, 2003.

  26. 26.

    Galina Starynska, Lukoil produced first oil from the West Qurna-2 in Iraq, Vedomosti newspaper, Moscow, Oct. 28, 2013.

  27. 27.

    Eldar Kasai, Iraq: oil security, Expert, July 7, 2014.

  28. 28.

    Katya Golubkova, Alexander Winning, David Evans, Russia's Rosneft says OPEC decision won't affect its work, Reuters, Nov. 27, 2014.

  29. 29.

    National Energy Policy, Report of the National Energy Policy Development Group, May 2001, p. 5–6.

  30. 30.

    Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer, U.S. Department of Energy, Apr. 2009, p. 61.

  31. 31.

    Glenn Miller, Review of the Revised Draft Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement on the Oil, Gas and Solution Mining Regulatory Program, Toxicity and Exposure to Substances in Fracturing Fluids and in the Waste Water Associated with the Hydrocarbon Bearing Shale, Consulting Environmental Toxicologist to the Natural Resources Defense Council Dec. 29, 2009.

  32. 32.

    Glenn Miller, Review of the Revised Draft Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement on the Oil, Gas and Solution Mining Regulatory Program Well Permit Issuance for Horizontal Drilling and High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing to Develop the Marcellus Shale and Other Low-Permeability Gas Reservoirs, Prepared for Natural Resources Defense Council, Jan. 6, 2012.

  33. 33.

    Madelon Finkel, Jake Hays, and Adam Law. The Shale Gas Boom and the Need for Rational Policy. American Journal of Public Health 103(7), 1161–1163, July 2013.

  34. 34.

    Theo Colborna, Carol Kwiatkowskia, Kim Schultza, Mary Bachran, Natural gas operations from a public health perspective. Human & Ecological Risk Assessment, 2011, 17, pp. 1039–1056.

  35. 35.

    Roxana Witter, Lisa McKenzie, Meredith Towle, Kaylan Stinson, Kenneth Scott, Lee Newman, John Adgate, Health Impact Assessment for Battlement Mesa, Garfield County Colorado, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Sep. 2010.

  36. 36.

    Carol Linnitt, Report “Fracking the Future—How Unconventional Gas Threatens our Water, Health and Climate”, DeSmogBlog Project, 2010.

  37. 37.

    Ohio: Shale drillers must report chemicals locally, Associated Press, Oct. 1, 2013.

  38. 38.

    Standing Committee on Natural Resources, number 040, 3rd session, 40th parliament, Parliament of Canada, Feb. 1, 2011.

  39. 39.

    Garance Burke, Colorado's Fracking Woes Show Fight Brewing In Oklahoma, Texas And Other Drought-Ridden Areas, Huffington Post, June 16, 2013.

  40. 40.

    Renee Lewis Kosnik The Oil and Gas Industry’s Exclusions and Exemptions to Major Environmental Statutes, Oil & Gas Accountability Project, a Project of Earthworks, Oct. 2007, p. 2.

  41. 41.

    Oil: Crude oil prices 1861–2009, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2010, June 2010.

  42. 42.

    U.S. Natural Gas Wellhead Price (1922–2013), U.S. Energy Information Administration, Apr. 2014.

  43. 43.

    Fracking by the Numbers, Key Impacts of Dirty Drilling at the State and National Level, Elizabeth Ridlington, John Rumpler, Environment America Research & Policy Center, Oct. 2013, p. 4.

  44. 44.

    Roberto Suro, Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Become Pollution Portals, The New York Times, May 3, 1992.

  45. 45.

    Claudio Brufatto, Jamie Cochran, Lee Conn, David Power, Said Zaki Abd Alla El-Zeghaty, Bernard Fraboulet, Tom Griffin, Simon James, Trevor Munk, Frederico Justus, Joseph R. Levine, Dominic Murphy, Jochen Pfeiffer, Tiraputra Pornpoch, Lara Rishmani, From Mud to Cement—Building Gas Wells, Schlumberger’s Oil Field Review, Aug. 2003, p. 63.

  46. 46.

    Anthony R. Ingraffea, Fluid Migration Mechanisms Due To Faulty Well Design And/Or Construction: An Overview And Recent Experiences In The Pennsylvania Marcellus Play, October 2012, Physicians, Scientists and Engineers for Healthy Energy, p. 8.

  47. 47.

    Oil and gas: Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Sep. 2012, pp. 45–47.

  48. 48.

    Eggleston, J. and S. Rojstaczer, Identification of large-scale hydraulic conductivity trends and the influence of trends on contaminant transport, Water Resour. Res., 34(9), 2155–2168 (1998); Seong, K. and Y. Rubin, Field investigation of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site (New Mexico) using a nonstationary stochastic model with a trending hydraulic conductivity field, Water Resour. Res., 35(4), 1011–1018 (1999); Metzler, R. and J. Klafter, The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: a fractional dynamics approach, Physics Reports 339, 1–77 (2000); Berkowitz, B. and H. Scher, The role of probabilistic approaches to transport theory in heterogeneous media. Transport in Porous Media 42, 241–263 (2001).

  49. 49.

    Documentary “Gasland”, 2010, Director Josh Fox.

  50. 50.

    Jeff Tollefson, Methane leaks erode green credentials of natural gas. Nature 493, 12, Jan. 2, 2013.

  51. 51.

    Overview of Greenhouse Gases, US Environmental Protection Agency, http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html.

  52. 52.

    Eli Kintisch, Plugging methane leaks in the urban maze could be key to making shale gas climate-friendly. Science 344 (6191) 1472, June 27, 2014.

  53. 53.

    Robert W. Howarth, Renee Santoro, Anthony Ingraffea, Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations, Climatic Change 106 (4), 679–690, June 2011.

  54. 54.

    Eli Kintisch, Plugging methane leaks in the urban maze could be key to making shale gas climate-friendly. Science 344 (6191), 1472, June 27, 2014.

  55. 55.

    Oil and gas: Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks, U.S. Government Accountability Office, September 2012, p. 35.

  56. 56.

    J.R. Grasso and D. Sornette, Testing self-organized criticality by induced seismicity, J. Geophys.Res. 103 (B12), 29965–29987, 1998 and references therein.

  57. 57.

    2011 Oklahoma Induced Earthquake May Have Triggered Larger Quake, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, March 6, 2014.

  58. 58.

    Anne F. Sheehan, Microearthquake study of the Colorado front range: Combining research and teaching in seismology, Department of Geological Sciences and CIRES University of Colorado, March 24, 2000.

  59. 59.

    Budget Justifications and Performance Information Fiscal Year 2014, U.S. Geological Survey, The United States Department of the Interior, pp. B-34, H-11.

  60. 60.

    William L. Ellsworth, Injection-Induced Earthquakes, Science 341, 1225942, 1–7, 2013.

  61. 61.

    Documentary “Gasland”, 2010, Director Josh Fox (evidence that EPA’s top-level executives had close relation with shale lobby on 30th minute of the film).

  62. 62.

    Questions and Answers about EPA's Hydraulic Fracturing Study, US Environmental Protection Agency, http://www2.epa.gov/hfstudy/questions-and-answers-about-epas-hydraulic-fracturing-study.

  63. 63.

    Halliburton Shale Solutions, July 2008, http://www.halliburton.com/public/solutions/contents/Shale/related_docs/H06377.pdf.

  64. 64.

    Testimony Submitted to the House Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, Washington, D.C., The Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission on behalf of the Nation’s Oil And Gas Producing States, June 18, 2009, pp. 1, 5.

  65. 65.

    Mead Gruver, EPA: Fracking may cause groundwater pollution, Associated Press, Dec. 8, 2011.

  66. 66.

    The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, Washington, D.C., Jan. 2011, p. 172.

  67. 67.

    Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, Howard Rosenthal, Political Bubbles: Financial Crises and the Failure of American Democracy, Princeton University Press, May 26, 2013, pp. 123,146.

  68. 68.

    Russell Gold, Gas Boom Projected to Grow for Decades, Russell Gold, The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 27, 2013.

  69. 69.

    Peter Voser, End of the oil boom? Notenshtein Dialogue, December 2013, p. 4.

  70. 70.

    Ian Urbina, Behind Veneer, Doubt on Future of Natural Gas, The New York Times, June 26, 2011.

  71. 71.

    American Petroleum Institute, Sourcewatch’s profile, http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/American_Petroleum_Institute.

  72. 72.

    Ian Urbina, Behind Veneer, Doubt on Future of Natural Gas, The New York Times, June 26, 2011.

  73. 73.

    Water and Shale Gas Development. Leveraging the US experience in new shale developments, Accenture, 2012, p. 6.

  74. 74.

    The Future of Natural Gas, MIT Energy Initiative, 2011, pp. 39–40.

  75. 75.

    Oil and gas: Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks, U.S. Government Accountability Office, September 2012, pp. 32–33, 49.

  76. 76.

    Lynne Peeples, Fracking Industry Conflicts Of Interest With Regulators? Huffington Post, Feb. 27, 2013.

  77. 77.

    Lynne Peeples, Ernest Moniz: Considered Fracking Shill By Some Environmentalists, Sparks Concern Amid Energy Department Nomination, Huffington Post, June 10, 2013.

  78. 78.

    Brad Plumer, Is fracking a ‘bridge’ to a clean-energy future? Ernest Moniz thinks so, The Washington Post, March 4, 2013.

  79. 79.

    The Future of Natural Gas, MIT Energy Initiative, 2011, p. 2.

  80. 80.

    Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price (1922–2013), U.S. Energy Information Administration, May 2014.

  81. 81.

    Deborah Rogers, Financial Co-Dependency: How Wall Street Has Kept Shale Alive, Energy Policy Forum, Oct. 23, 2012.

  82. 82.

    Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price (1922–2013), U.S. Energy Information Administration, May 2014.

  83. 83.

    Ibid.

  84. 84.

    For our calculations, we use the following conversion rates of natural gas from American units into European metric: 1 million British Thermal Units (MMbtu) = 1000 cubic foots (Mcf), 35,000 cubic foots (Mcf) = 1000 cubic meters (m3) of natural gas. We use the factor 35 for converting the price of 1 MMbtu into 1000 m3.

  85. 85.

    The Future of Natural Gas, Appendix 2D: Shale Gas Economic Sensitivities, MIT Energy Initiative, 2011, p. 2.

  86. 86.

    First 5 years of "shale gas revolution". What we now know for sure? Centre for Global Energy Markets of Energy Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nov. 2012, pp. 25–26, 32.

  87. 87.

    Deborah Rogers, Shale and Wall Street: was the decline in natural gas prices orchestrated?, Energy Policy Forum, Feb. 2013, p. 1.

  88. 88.

    Michael Liebreich, Keynote—Day 2, Bloomberg New Energy Finance Summit, 20 March, 2012, slide 35.

  89. 89.

    1 Bcf is a unit of gas energy, which means one billion cubic feet equivalent. In terms of energy content, it is approximately equal to 1.028 trillion BTU. The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a traditional unit of energy equal to about 1055 joules.

  90. 90.

    Arthur E. Berman, Presentation “Shale Gas—The Eye of the Storm”, Calgary, Alberta, July 14, 2011, slides 5–8, http://www.artberman.com/presentations/Berman_Shale%20Gas--The%20Eye%20of%20the%20Storm%2020%20July%202011_OPT.pdf.

  91. 91.

    Arthur E. Berman and Lynn F. Pittinger, U.S. Shale Gas: Less Abundance Higher Cost, The Oil Drum, August 5, 2011, http://www.theoildrum.com/node/8212.

  92. 92.

    Over one-third of natural gas produced in North Dakota is flared or otherwise not marketed, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nov. 23, 2011.

  93. 93.

    Chesapeake Energy Corporation Annual Report 2012, April 2013, p. 3.

  94. 94.

    Will Kennedy and Jillian Ward, OPEC Policy Ensures U.S. Shale Crash, Russian Tycoon Says, Bloomberg, Nov. 27, 2014.

  95. 95.

    U.S. Shale Oil Output Growth May Stall at $60 a Barrel, Oil may fall to $50, EIA Says, Bloomberg, Nov. 18, 2014.

  96. 96.

    Saudi Arabia to keep politics out of OPEC, will let market stabilize price, RT, Nov. 26, 2014.

  97. 97.

    Anjli Raval, Prices, not Opec, to balance oil supply, FT, Nov. 28, 2014.

  98. 98.

    Factbox—OPEC oil ministers positions ahead of Thursday meeting, Reuters, Nov. 26, 2014.

  99. 99.

    Ross Tomson, Water use in fracking needs to be refined, Houston Business Journal, March 4, 2013.

  100. 100.

    Patrick J. Kiger, Green Fracking? 5 Technologies for Cleaner Shale Energy, National Geographic, March 19, 2014.

  101. 101.

    Matt Goodman, Waterless Fracking Method Targets Natural Gas Industry’s Gaze, CBS News, Jan. 12, 2012.

  102. 102.

    Sean Milmo, Fracking with propane gel, Royal Society of Chemistry, Nov. 15, 2011.

  103. 103.

    Mark Tran, Shell fined over reserves scandal, The Guardian, July 29, 2004.

  104. 104.

    Laherrere, Jean, Estimates of oil reserves, paper presented at the EMF/IEA/IEW meeting IIASA. Laxenburg, Austria, June 19, 2001 (http://energycrisis.info/laherrere/iiasa_reserves_long.pdf); Forecasting future production from past discovery, International Journal of Global Energy Issues 18 (2–4), 218–238 (2002); Oil and gas: what future? Groningen annual Energy Convention 21 November 2006, ASPO (Association for the Study of Peak Oil & gas) & ASPO France (http://oilcrisis.com/laherrere/groningen.pdf).

  105. 105.

    Grant T. Olsen, W.John Lee, Thomas A. Blasingame, Reserves Overbooking: The Problem We’re Finally Going to Talk About, Society of Petroleum Engineers Economics & Management, Apr. 2011.

  106. 106.

    Ian Urbina S.E.C. Shift Leads to Worries of Overestimation of Reserves, The New York Times, June 27, 2011.

  107. 107.

    Nafeez Ahmed, Shale gas won't stop peak oil, but could create an economic crisis, The Guardian, June 21, 2013.

  108. 108.

    B. G. Dharan, W. R. Bufkins, Red Flags in Enron's Reporting of Revenues & Key Financial Measures, July 23, 2008, p. 3.

  109. 109.

    J. David Hughes, Drilling Deeper: A Reality Check on U.S. Government Forecasts for a Lasting Shale Boom, PART 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, Post Carbon Institute, Oct. 26, 2014.

  110. 110.

    1 Bcf is a unit of gas energy, which means one billion cubic feet equivalent. In terms of energy content, it is approximately equal to 1.028 trillion BTU. The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a traditional unit of energy equal to about 1055 joules.

  111. 111.

    Deborah Rogers, USGS releases troubling EURs for shale, Energy Policy Forum, Sep. 7, 2012.

  112. 112.

    Oil and gas: Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Sep. 2012, p. 24.

  113. 113.

    Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address, The United States Capitol, Jan. 24, 2012.

  114. 114.

    Oil and gas: Information on Shale Resources, Development, and Environmental and Public Health Risks, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Sep. 2012, p. 19.

  115. 115.

    Deborah Rogers, Shale and Wall Street: was the decline in natural gas prices orchestrated?, Energy Policy Forum, Feb. 2013, p. 13.

  116. 116.

    Ivan Sandrea, US shale gas and tight oil industry performance: challenges and opportunities, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Mar. 21, 2014, p. 2.

  117. 117.

    Deborah Rogers, Shale and Wall Street: was the decline in natural gas prices orchestrated?, Energy Policy Forum, Feb. 2013, p. 7.

  118. 118.

    Jerry A. DiColo, Tom Fowler, Exxon: ‘Losing Our Shirts’ on Natural Gas, The Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2012.

  119. 119.

    Daniel Gilbert, Justin Scheck, Tom Fowle, Shale-Boom Profits Bypass Big Oil, The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 2, 2013.

  120. 120.

    F. William Engdahl, The Fracked-Up USA Shale Gas Bubble, Global Research, March 14, 2013.

  121. 121.

    Deon Daugherty, As Shell sells off even more major shale assets, what could be next? Houston Business Journal, Sep. 30, 2013.

  122. 122.

    Anya Litvak, Shell to restructure shale assets in U.S., Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 13, 2014.

  123. 123.

    Karolin Schaps, Dmitry Zhdannikov, Shell cuts spending in U.S. to lower shale exposure, Reuters, March 13, 2014.

  124. 124.

    Daniel Gilbert, Justin Scheck, Tom Fowle, Shale-Boom Profits Bypass Big Oil, The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 2, 2013.

  125. 125.

    Arthur E. Berman, Presentation “Shale Gas—The Eye of the Storm”, Calgary, Alberta, July 14, 2011, slides 5–8, http://www.artberman.com/presentations/Berman_Shale%20Gas--The%20Eye%20of%20the%20Storm%2020%20July%202011_OPT.pdf.

  126. 126.

    David Hughes, Drill, Baby, Drill: Can Unconventional Fuels Usher in a New Era of Energy Abundance? Post Carbon Institute, Feb. 2013,p. ii.

  127. 127.

    Financial results of Chesapeake Energy Corp., Devon Energy Corp., Encana Corp., Range Resources Corp. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp., EOG Resources Inc. from Google Finance Database. Oct. 2014. http://www.google.com/finance.

  128. 128.

    Deborah Rogers, Shale and Wall Street: was the decline in natural gas prices orchestrated? Energy Policy Forum, Feb. 2013, p. 11.

  129. 129.

    Jeff Goodell, The Big Fracking Bubble, Rolling Stone, March 1, 2012.

  130. 130.

    Carrick Mollenkamp, Special Report: Chesapeake’s deepest well: Wall Street, Reuters, May 10, 2012.

  131. 131.

    Asjylyn Loder, Shakeout Threatens Shale Patch as Frackers Go for Broke, Bloomberg News, May 27, 2014.

  132. 132.

    Asjylyn Loder, Shale Drillers Feast on Junk Debt to Stay on Treadmill, Bloomberg News, Apr. 30, 2014.

  133. 133.

    Rakteem Katakey, Luca Casiraghi, Oil Industry Needs Half a Trillion Dollars to Endure Price Slump, Bloomberg, August 27, 2015

  134. 134.

    Bradley Olson, U.S. Shale Drillers Are Drowning in Debt, Bloomberg, September 18, 2015

  135. 135.

    Friedman, George, The next 100 years, a forecast for the 21st century. Doubleday, New York, 2009.

  136. 136.

    Michael Pollan, Farmer in Chief, The New York Times, Oct. 9, 2008.

  137. 137.

    20 questions on genetically modified foods, World Health Organization, 2002.

  138. 138.

    John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, 2nd edn., pp. 22–23.

  139. 139.

    Michael Pollan, Farmer in Chief, The New York Times, Oct. 9, 2008.

  140. 140.

    GMO Myths and Truths, Earth Open Source, May 19, 2014, http://earthopensource.org/index.php/reports/gmo-myths-and-truths.

  141. 141.

    Documentary “Food Inc.”, Director: Robert Kenner, 2008 (1:16:10–1:17:40) and Documentary “Seeds of Death: Unveiling The Lies of GMO's”, Directors: Gary Null, Richard Polonetsky, 2012 (0:05:15–0:08:30).

  142. 142.

    John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, 2nd edn., pp. 58–59.

  143. 143.

    EU Commission shortlists ex-Monsanto employee for EFSA Management Board, Munich Corporate Europe Observatory and Testbiotech, Mar. 8, 2012.

  144. 144.

    Frederick William Engdahl, The Toxic Impacts of GMO Maize: Scientific Journal Bows to Monsanto, Retracts anti-Monsanto Study, Global Research, Dec. 6, 2013.

  145. 145.

    Christophe Noisette, Roumanie—OGM: un ex de Monsanto, ministre de l’Agriculture, Inf’OGM, Feb. 2012.

  146. 146.

    John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, 2nd edn., p. 78.

  147. 147.

    Kara Scannell, Sudeep Reddy, Greenspan Admits Errors to Hostile House Panel, The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 24, 2008.

  148. 148.

    John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, 2nd edn., p. 56.

  149. 149.

    Ibid, p. 59.

  150. 150.

    Ibid, p. 61.

  151. 151.

    Andrew Pollack, Crop Scientists Say Biotechnology Seed Companies Are Thwarting Research, The New York Times, Feb. 19, 2009.

  152. 152.

    John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, 2nd edn., pp. 102–103.

  153. 153.

    Ibid, p. 97.

  154. 154.

    A. Pusztai, S.Bardoczi, S.W.B. Ewen, Genetically Modified Foods: Potential Human Health Effects, OCAB International 2003. Food Safety: Contaminants and Toxins, p. 347.

  155. 155.

    John Fagan, Michael Antoniou, Claire Robinson, GMO Myths and Truths, An evidence-based examination of the claims made for the safety and efficacy of genetically modified crops and foods, Earth Open Source, 2014, 2nd edn., pp. 89–90.

  156. 156.

    Frederick William Engdahl, The Toxic Impacts of GMO Maize: Scientific Journal Bows to Monsanto, Retracts anti-Monsanto Study, Global Research, Dec. 6, 2013.

  157. 157.

    Safety Assessment of Roundup Ready Corn Event NK603, Monsanto, Sep. 2002, pp. 3–17.

  158. 158.

    Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois, RETRACTED: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50(11), 4221–4231 Nov. 2012.

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    Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux de Vendômois, Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize, Environmental Sciences Europe 2014, 26:14.

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     Barbara R. Jasny, Gilbert Chin, Lisa Chong, Sacha Vignieri, Again, and Again, and Again… Science 334(6060), 1225 (Dec. 2, 2011): introduction to a special issue on scientific replication.

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    Michael White, The Scientific Debate About GM Foods Is Over: They’re Safe, Pacific Standard: The Science of Society, Sep. 24, 2013.

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    Federal Debt. Answers to Frequently Asked Questions, U.S. Government Accountability Office, GAO-04-485SP, Aug. 2004, p. 5.

  163. 163.

    Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Sep. 29, 2014.

  164. 164.

    James D. Hamilton, Off-Balance-Sheet Federal Liabilities, National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2013.

  165. 165.

    Michael D. Tanner, Medicare and Social Security Tabs Coming Due, Cato Institute, March 2015, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/medicare-social-security-tabs-coming-due.

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    Kotlikoff, Laurence J., The US Fiscal cliff—When economists recklessly endanger the economy, CESifo Forum 2/2013 (June), pp. 3–8.

  167. 167.

    Kotlikoff, Laurence J., The Emperor's Dangerous Clothes, Economists, Voice 5, 2, April 2008.

  168. 168.

    The global debt clock, The Economist, http://www.economist.com/content/global_debt_clock.

  169. 169.

    Keith Bradsher, Chinese Data Mask Depth of Slowdown, Executives Say, The New York Times, June 22, 2012.

  170. 170.

    Chinese Companies Forced to Falsify Data, Government Says, Bloomberg News, March 16, 2012.

  171. 171.

    Keith Bradsher, Chinese Data Mask Depth of Slowdown, Executives Say, The New York Times, June 22, 2012.

  172. 172.

    China's Plans to Revise Its National Accounting System, Stratfor, Nov. 20, 2013.

  173. 173.

    Andrea Shalal-Esa and Sarah N. Lynch, Exclusive: Justice Department probing Chinese accounting Reuters, Washingtion, Fri Sep 30, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/30/us-china-usa-accounting-idUSTRE78S3QM20110930.

  174. 174.

    Henny Sender, Finance: Money for nothing, The Financial Times, July 11, 2013.

  175. 175.

    Matthew Forney, Laila F. Khawaja, Due Diligence: Don’t Get Fooled Again, Fathom China, July 2014.

  176. 176.

    Carl E. Walter, Fraser J. T. Howie, Red Capitalism: The Fragile Financial Foundation of China's Extraordinary Rise, John Wiley & Sons, 2012, pp. 27–95.

  177. 177.

    In China's Banking Problems, a Challenge for Reform, Stratfor, June 25, 2013.

  178. 178.

    Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) refer to the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. These include the standards, conventions, and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles).

  179. 179.

    BlackRock Investment Institute, Dealing with divergence, 2015 investment outlook (Dec. 2014) (https://www.blackrock.com/corporate/en-us/literature/whitepaper/bii-2015-investment-outlook-us.pdf).

  180. 180.

    called the “Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act” (in the Senate) and the “Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act” (in the House).

  181. 181.

    Andrew Scott Cooper, The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East. Simon and Schuster, New York, 2011, p. 30.

  182. 182.

    Ibid, p. 20.

  183. 183.

    Ibid, pp. 66, 210.

  184. 184.

    David E. Sanger, Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power, Crown Publ. Group, 2012, pp. 188–209.

  185. 185.

    David E. Sanger, Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran, The New York Times, June 1, 2012.

  186. 186.

    Con Coughlin, Stuxnet virus attack: Russia warns of ‘Iranian Chernobyl', The Telegraph, Jan 16, 2011.

  187. 187.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_pipeline_sabotage and Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It at http://www.amazon.com/Cyber-War-Threat-National-Security/dp/0061962244.

  188. 188.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Rain

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_cyberattacks_on_Estonia.

  189. 189.

    David E. Sanger, Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power. Crown Publ. Group, 2012, p. 200.

  190. 190.

    Ellen Nakashima, Greg Miller, Julie Tate, U.S., Israel developed Flame computer virus to slow Iranian nuclear efforts, officials say, The Washington Post, June 19, 2012.

  191. 191.

    Flame virus hit Iran's oil industry but officials say antidote found. Israeli vice-prime minister suggests Israel might have been behind cyberattack, The Associated Press, May 30, 2012.

  192. 192.

    The "Red October" Campaign—An Advanced Cyber Espionage Network Targeting Diplomatic and Government Agencies. Kaspersky Labs' Global Research & Analysis Team, Jan. 14, 2013.

  193. 193.

    Jacob Appelbaum, Aaron Gibson, Claudio Guarnieri, Andy Müller-Maguhn, Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Leif Ryge, Hilmar Schmundt and Michael Sontheimer, The Digital Arms Race: NSA Preps America for Future Battle, Spiegel, Jan. 17, 2015.

  194. 194.

    Jacob Appelbaum, Aaron Gibson, Claudio Guarnieri, Andy Müller-Maguhn, Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Leif Ryge, Hilmar Schmundt and Michael Sontheimer, The Digital Arms Race: NSA Preps America for Future Battle, Spiegel, Jan. 17, 2015.

  195. 195.

    Tom Simonite, Welcome to the Malware-Industrial Complex, The U.S. government is developing new computer weapons and driving a black market in “zero-day” bugs. The result could be a more dangerous Web for everyone, MIT Technology Review, Feb. 13, 2013, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/507971/welcome-to-the-malware-industrial-complex.

  196. 196.

    Kara Swisher, White House. Red Chair. Obama Meets Swisher, February 2015, ReCode, http://recode.net/2015/02/15/white-house-red-chair-obama-meets-swisher.

  197. 197.

    Ward Carroll, Russia’s Cyber Forces, May 27, 2008, Defense Tech, http://defensetech.org/2008/05/27/russias-cyber-forces/ and Ward Carroll China’s Cyber Forces, May 8, 2008, Defense Tech, http://defensetech.org/2008/05/08/chinas-cyber-forces/.

  198. 198.

    Kim Zetter, The NSA Acknowledges What We All Feared: Iran Learns From US Cyberattacks, WIRED, Feb. 10, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/02/nsa-acknowledges-feared-iran-learns-us-cyberattacks/.

  199. 199.

    Dmitry Tarakanov, Shamoon The Wiper: Further Details (Part II), Kaspersky Labs' Global Research & Analysis Team, September 11, 2012.

  200. 200.

    Norman Johnson, Shamoon Wiper: The most damaging corporate attack—Did you miss it?, http://www.cyber50.org/blog/shamoon-wiper.

  201. 201.

    Kim Zetter, The NSA Acknowledges What We All Feared: Iran Learns from US Cyberattacks, WIRED, February 10, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/02/nsa-acknowledges-feared-iran-learns-us-cyberattacks/.

  202. 202.

    Sean Lawson, Anonymous Sources Provide No Evidence of Iran Cyber Attacks, Forbes, Oct. 31, 2012.

  203. 203.

    Saudi Arabia says cyber attack aimed to disrupt oil, gas flow, Reuters, Dec. 9, 2012.

  204. 204.

    Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place. Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 66.

  205. 205.

    Heather MacKenzie, Shamoon Malware and SCADA Security—What are the Impacts, Tofino Security, Oct. 25, 2012, https://www.tofinosecurity.com/blog/shamoon-malware-and-scada-security-%E2%80%93-what-are-impacts.

  206. 206.

    Chris Bronk, Eneken Tikk-Ringas, Hack or Attack? Shamoon and the Evolution of Cyber Conflict, Baker Institute for Public Policy, February 1, 2013.

  207. 207.

    Eric Chabrow, Records Exposed Hit New High in 2013, Data Breach Today, http://www.databreachtoday.com/interviews/records-exposed-hit-new-high-in-2013-i-2166.

  208. 208.

    Shamoon the Wiper - Copycats at Work, Kaspersky Labs' Global Research & Analysis Team, Aug. 16, 2012, http://securelist.com/blog/incidents/57854/shamoon-the-wiper-copycats-at-work/.

  209. 209.

    Stefan Frei, Security Econometrics. The Dynamics of (In)Security, A dissertation submitted to the ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Science, 2009, p. 94.

  210. 210.

    Hardin Tibbs, The Global Cyber Game: Achieving strategic resilience in the global knowledge society, The Defence Academy Cyber Inquiry Report, 2013, p. 53, http://www.futurelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/The-Global-Cyber-Game.pdf.

  211. 211.

    Tom Simonite, Welcome to the Malware-Industrial Complex, The U.S. government is developing new computer weapons and driving a black market in “zero-day” bugs. The result could be a more dangerous Web for everyone, MIT Technology Review, Feb. 13, 2013, http://www.technologyreview.com/news/507971/welcome-to-the-malware-industrial-complex.

  212. 212.

    Brian Fung, The NSA hacks other countries by buying millions of dollars’ worth of computer vulnerabilities, Washington Post Aug. 31, 2013.

  213. 213.

    Eckert P. and A. Yukhananov, U.S. opens China talks with cyber complaints, vow to boost trust. Reuters (July 10, 2013).

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    Sanger, D.E., U.S. blames China’s military directly for cyber attacks. NY Times, Section A, p 1 (May 6, 2013).

  215. 215.

    Secunia Yearly Report 2011, The evolution of software security from a global enterprise and end-point perspective. Feb. 14, 2012 (secunia.com/resources); The Known Unknowns—Analysis of zero-days (http://techzoom.net/Publications/Papers/knownunknowns).

  216. 216.

    Desktop Operating System Market Share, January 2015, http://www.netmarketshare.com/.

  217. 217.

    The market share of Windows Desktop Programs (2011 Data) are, according to the Secunia Yearly Report 2012: Adobe Flash Player 98 %, Oracle/Sun Java 86 %, Adobe Reader 82 %, Apple Quicktime 52 %.

  218. 218.

    Elinor Mills, Attack on RSA used zero-day Flash exploit in Excel, CNet, April 5, 2011, http://www.cnet.com/news/attack-on-rsa-used-zero-day-flash-exploit-in-excel/.

  219. 219.

    Andrey Mezhiba, Eby G. Friedman, Power Distribution Networks in High Speed Integrated Circuits. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, Springer, 2003, p. 2.

  220. 220.

    Bob Schaller, The Origin, Nature, and Implications of "MOORE'S LAW", The Benchmark of Progress in Semiconductor Electronics, Sep. 26, 1996, http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gray/moore_law.html.

  221. 221.

    Larry O’Brien, How Many Lines of Code in Windows? Dec. 6, 2005, http://www.knowing.net/index.php/2005/12/06/how-many-lines-of-code-in-windows/.

  222. 222.

    We are grateful to Dr. Stefan Frei for many constructive comments and supportive evidence on these aspects (http://www.techzoom.net/BugBounty/SecureSoftware).

  223. 223.

    National Vulnerability Database (NVD), http://nvd.nist.gov.

  224. 224.

    Common Vulnerability Scoring System, V3 Development Update, First.Org, June 10th, 2015, https://www.first.org/cvss.

  225. 225.

    In 2013, around 500 high severity bugs came to light in Microsoft’s operating systems and applications, of which 371 were in Microsoft’s Windows series; by comparison, Apple’s operating systems (installed on only 7 % of desktop computers around the globe) had just 24 high severity vulnerabilities, less than a fifteenth of the figure for Windows, while Linux open code operating systems (with 2 % global penetration) had 34. Adobe had around 230 high severity flaws, mainly in applications like Acrobat Reader and Flash Player. Oracle had more than a hundred bugs, mainly in its Java application [Cristian Florian, Report: Most vulnerable operating systems and applications in 2013, GFI Software, February 3, 2014, http://www.gfi.com/blog/report-most-vulnerable-operating-systems-and-applications-in-2013/].

  226. 226.

    Data provided by Dr. Stefan Frei, based on the NVD vulnerability database for the last 10 years for all vulnerabilities, and vulnerabilities with CVSS > 7.

  227. 227.

    Dr. Stefan Frei’s personal communication on the data of unpatched programs (http://www.techzoom.net/BugBounty/SecureSoftware) and Thomas Maillart, Didier Sornette, Stefan Frei, Thomas Duebendorfer and Alexander Saichev, Quantification of deviations from rationality from heavy-tails in human dynamics, Phys. Rev. E 83, 056101 (2011).

  228. 228.

    While a useful indicative metric, the LOC metric remains rather fuzzy, as for instance discussed at http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/21137/average-number-of-exploitable-bugs-per-thousand-lines-of-code.

  229. 229.

    Software: the brains behind U.S. defense systems: as the U.S. military shifts its focus from metal and mechanics to unmanned vehicles, drones, and smart bombs, software is becoming a crucial piece of weaponry. by A.T. Kearney (2012) http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/247932/Software-The_Brains_Behind_US_Defense_Systems.pdf/69129873-eecc-4ddc-b798-c198a8ff1026.

  230. 230.

    Stefan Frei, private communication, Mar. 16, 2015.

  231. 231.

    Nick Wingfield, Chip Firms No Longer Ignore Even the Least Offensive Bugs. The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 15, 1997.

  232. 232.

    Pentium FDIV bug, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_FDIV_bug.

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    Capers Jones, Quantifying Software Failures and Disasters, Part 2: 1990–1999 Version 2.0 Sep. 12, 2012, http://www.itmpi.org/Portals/10/PDF/Failures-Capers-2.pdf.

  234. 234.

    Thomas Maillart, Didier Sornette, Stefan Frei, Thomas Duebendorfer and Alexander Saichev, Quantification of deviations from rationality from heavy-tails in human dynamics, Phys. Rev. E 83, 056101 (2011).

  235. 235.

    Additional information about Daniel Earl Geer, Jr., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Geer.

  236. 236.

    Liabilities and Software Vulnerabilities, personal website of Bruce Schneier, https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/10/liabilities_and.html.

  237. 237.

    Analysis of the patch release dynamics of Microsoft and Apple between 2002 and 2008 (http://techzoom.net/Publications/Papers/0daypatch).

  238. 238.

    Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Zubair Shafiq, Alex X Liu, A large scale exploratory analysis of software vulnerability life cycles, Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE Press, June 2, 2012, pp. 771–781.

  239. 239.

    Thomas Maillart, Didier Sornette, Stefan Frei, Thomas Duebendorfer and Alexander Saichev, Quantification of deviations from rationality from heavy-tails in human dynamics, Phys. Rev. E 83, 056101 (2011).

  240. 240.

    Dinesh Theerthagiri, Zero-Day World, Symantec Official Blog, Oct. 30, 2012, http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/zero-day-world; Bilge, Leyla, and Tudor Dumitras. “Before we knew it: an empirical study of zero-day attacks in the real world.” Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security. ACM, 2012.

  241. 241.

    Stefan Frei, The Known Unknowns in Cyber Security (An empirical analysis of publicly unknown security vulnerabilities), NSS Labs Analyst Brief (2013), http://techzoom.net/Publications/Papers/knownunknowns.

  242. 242.

    Robert Axelrod and Rumen Iliev, Timing of cyber conflict, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 111 (4), 1298–1303 (2014).

  243. 243.

    Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill, Laura Poitras, Spencer Ackerman and Dominic Rushe, Microsoft handed the NSA access to encrypted messages, The Guardian, July 12, 2013.

  244. 244.

    Microsoft Active Protections Program (MAPP) is the public face of it: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/dn467918.

  245. 245.

    Michael A Riley, U.S. Agencies Said to Swap Data With Thousands of Firms, Bloomberg, June 15, 2013.

  246. 246.

    Dan Goodin, Explorer info leak festers for 2 years Microsoft's 600-day bug bite, The Register, November 1, 2010, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/11/01/internet_explorer_600_day_bug/.

  247. 247.

    Jesse Emspak, Does Microsoft Help the NSA Hack Your Computer? TechNewsDaily, July 3, 2013, http://mashable.com/2013/07/02/microsoft-nsa-hack/.

  248. 248.

    Stuxnet Redux: Microsoft patches Windows vulnerability left open for five years http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/03/10/stuxnet_vulns_finally_patched/.

  249. 249.

    Brian Fung, The NSA hacks other countries by buying millions of dollars’ worth of computer vulnerabilities, Washington Post Aug. 31, 2013.

  250. 250.

    Joseph Menn, UPDATE 3-Russian researchers expose breakthrough U.S. spying program, Reuters, Feb. 16, 2015 ☐ and Equation: The Death Star of Malware Galaxy, Kaspersky Labs’ Global Research & Analysis Team, Feb. 16, 2015, http://securelist.com/blog/research/68750/equation-the-death-star-of-malware-galaxy and https://securelist.com/files/2015/02/Equation_group_questions_and_answers.pdf.

  251. 251.

    S. Landau, Making Sense of Snowden: What’s Significant in the NSA Surveillance Revelations, IEEE Security and Privacy, Vol. 11, No. 4, July/August 2013, pp. 54–63.

  252. 252.

    S. Landau, Making Sense of Snowden Part II: What’s Significant in the NSA Surveillance Revelations, IEEE Security and Privacy, Vol. 12, No. 1, January/February 2014; a short version, Highlights from Making Sense of Snowden Part II: What’s Significant in the NSA Surveillance Revelations, (behind payment wall) appeared in IEEE Security and Privacy, Vol. 12, No. 1, January/February 2014, pp. 62–64.

  253. 253.

    S. Landau, Under the Radar: NSA’s Efforts to Secure Private-Sector Telecommunications Infrastructure, Journal of National Security Law and Policy, Vol. 7, No.3 (2014).

  254. 254.

    H. Abelson, R. Anderson, S. Bellovin, J. Benaloh, M. Blaze, W. Diffie, J. Gilmore, M. Green, S. Landau, P. Neumann, R. Rivest, J. Schiller, B. Schneier, M. Specter, D. Weitzner, Keys Under Doormats: Mandating insecurity by requiring government access to all data and communications, MIT-CSAIL-TR-2015-026 (tech report), July 6, 2015.

  255. 255.

    James R. Clapper, Statement for the Record: Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community, US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Washington, DC, Mar. 12, 2013.

  256. 256.

    Ibid, p. 1.

  257. 257.

    Statement by the President on the Cybersecurity Framework, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, Feb. 12, 2014, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/02/12/statement-president-cybersecurity-framework.

  258. 258.

    Kim Zetter, The NSA Acknowledges What We All Feared: Iran Learns From US Cyberattacks, Wired, Feb. 10, 2015, http://www.wired.com/2015/02/nsa-acknowledges-feared-iran-learns-us-cyberattacks/.

  259. 259.

    Kara Swisher, White House. Red Chair. Obama Meets Swisher, Feb. 2015, ReCode, http://recode.net/2015/02/15/white-house-red-chair-obama-meets-swisher.

  260. 260.

    We are grateful to Dr. Stefan Frei for useful discussions on this point.

  261. 261.

    Richard A. Clarke and Robert Knake, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It, Ecco; Reprint (Apr. 10, 2012).

  262. 262.

    https://static.newamerica.org/attachments/3138--113/Encryption_Letter_to_Obama_final_051915.pdf.

  263. 263.

    Nakashima, E., Tech giants don’t want Obama to give police access to encrypted phone data, The Washington Post, May 19. 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/tech-giants-urge-obama-to-resist-backdoors-into-encrypted-communications/2015/05/18/11781b4a-fd69-11e4-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html.

  264. 264.

    https://static.newamerica.org/att8achments/3138--113/Encryption_Letter_to_Obama_final_051915.pdf.

  265. 265.

    Ibid.

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    Dmitry Chernov & Didier Sornette

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Chernov, D., Sornette, D. (2016). Major On-going Cases with Information Concealment Practice. In: Man-made Catastrophes and Risk Information Concealment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24301-6_4

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