Skip to main content

Simulation Education Program Development

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Comprehensive Healthcare Simulation: Pediatrics

Abstract

Effectively designed and implemented simulation-based education (SBE) programs have the power to change the behavior of people and the systems they work in. This chapter outlines critical elements of a well-designed SBE program, and some of the theoretical considerations that underpin the recommendations given. Careful consideration is given to the place of simulation in the learning hierarchy and how simulation may be used to influence the design and delivery of all other elements of the healthcare system from the boardroom to the bedside.

As well as giving specific examples of a stepwise approach to curriculum design, this chapter offers advice on the implementation of a simulation program and on how to overcome some of the barriers likely to be encountered. The need to develop relevant educational and ultimately patient-based outcomes as a measure of success is emphasized throughout, as well as specific suggestions on how to engage organizations and learners, and practical advice on ways to develop and grow simulation the preceptors and facilitators required to deliver SBE.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. McGaghie WC, Draycott TJ, Dunn WF, Lopez CM, Stefanidis D. Evaluating the impact of simulation on translational patient outcomes. Simul Healthc. 2011;6(Suppl):S42.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Draycott TJ, Crofts JF, Ash JP, Wilson LV, Yard E, Sibanda T, Whitelaw A. Improving neonatal outcome through practical shoulder dystocia training. Obstetr Gynecol 2008;112(1):14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Barsuk JH, McGaghie WC, Cohen ER, O’Leary KJ, Wayne DB. Simulation-based mastery learning reduces complications during central venous catheter insertion in a medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2009;37(10):2697–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cafazzo JA, St-Cyr O. From discovery to design: the evolution of human factors in healthcare. Healthc Q 2012;15:24–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kolb DA. Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dewey J. Experience and education. Toronto: Collier-MacMillan; 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gold M. The complete social scientist. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ginsburg S, Opper S. Piaget’s theory of intellectual development. California: Englewood; 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Piaget J. La Psychologie de l’intelligence. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  10. McGaghie W, Issenberg B, Cohen E, Barsuk J, Wayne D. Does simulation-based medical education with deliberate practice yield better results than traditional clinical education? A meta-analytic comparative review of the evidence. Acad Med. 2011;86:706–11 (Epub).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ericsson K. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;79(10):S70–81.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Pusic M, Kessler D, Szyld D, Kalet AL, Pecaric M, Boutis K. Experience curves as an organizing framework for deliberate practice in emergency medicine learning. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(12):1476–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dreyfus S, Dreyfus R. A five stage model of the mental activities involved in directed skill acquisition. In: Center OR, editor. Berkley: University of California Berkley; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bloom BS. Learning for mastery. Instruction and curriculum. Regional education laboratory for the carolinas and virginia, topical papers and reprints, Number 1. Evaluation comment, 1968;1(2), n2.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Howard SK, Gaba DM, Fish KJ, Yang G, Sarnquist FH. Anesthesia crisis resource management training: Teaching anesthesiologists to handle critical incidents. Aviat Sp Environ Med. 1992;63(9):763–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Taba H. Curriculum development: theory and practice. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World; 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Goodson I. The making of curriculum: collected essays. 2nd ed. London: Falmer Press; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kern DE, Thomas PA, Howard DM, Bass EB. Curriculum development for medical education. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bloom B, Englehart M, Furst E, Hill W, Krathwohl D. Taxonomy of educational objectives: handbook 1: the cognitive domain. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.; 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Okuda Y, Bryson E, DeMaria S Jr, Jacobson L, Quinones J, Shen B, et al. The utility of simulation in medical education: what is the evidence? Mt Sinai J Med. 2009;76(4):330–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tyler R. Basic principles of curriculum and instruction: syllabus for education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sigalet E, Donnon T, Cheng A, Cooke S, Robinson T, Bissett W, et al. Development of a team performance scale to assess undergraduate health professionals. Acad Med. 2013;88(7):989–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sigalet E, Donnon T, Grant V. Undergraduate students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward a simulation-based interprofessional curriculum: the KidSIM ATTITUDES questionnaire. Simul Healthc. 2012;7(6):353–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sigalet EL, Donnon TL, Grant V. Insight into team competence in medical, nursing and respiratory therapy students. J Interprof Care. 2015;29(1):62–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Grace S. Interprofessional competencies in the curriculum: interpretations of educators from five health professions. J Interprof Care. 2014;EPUB(Dec 23 1–2).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Leape L. Errors in medicine. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;404(1):2–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Institute of Medicine. To err is human: building a safer health system. New Engl J Med. 1999;342:1123–5.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hodges B, Albert M, Arweiler D, Akseeer S, Bandiera GW, Byrne N, et al. The future of medical education: a Canadian environmental scan. Med Educat. 2011;45(1):95–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Frank J, Snell L, ten Cate O, Holmboe C, Swing S, Harris P, et al. Competency-based medical education: theory to practice. Medical Teacher. 2010;32(8):638–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Harden RM. Learning outcomes and instructional objectives: is there a difference? Med Teach. 2002;24(2):151–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mager R. Preparing instructional objectives. Atlanta: The Center for Effective Performance; 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Miller G. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Acad Med. 1990;65(9):S63–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Issenberg BS, Mcgaghie WC, Petrusa ER, Lee Gordon D, Scalese RJ. Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review. Med Teach. 2005;27(1):10–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Freeth D, Hammick M, Reeves S, Koppel I, Barr H. Effective interprofessional education: development, delivery & evaluation. Oxford: Blackwell; 2005.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  35. Harden RM. Learning outcomes and instructional objectives: is there a difference? Med Teach. 2002;24(2):151–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. McCormack C, Wiggins MW, Loveday T, Festa M. Expert and competent non-expert visual cues during simulated diagnosis in intensive care. Front Psychol.2014;5:949.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Festa M, Leaver J. Chapter 2: communication and teamwork. DETECT Junior manual. NSW Health, July 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  38. http://www.cec.health.nsw.gov.au/programs/between-the-flags/education.

  39. Round J, Conradi E, Poulton T. Training staff to create simple interactive virtual patients: the impact on a medical and healthcare institution. Med Teach. 2009;31(8):764–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Barrows HS. An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. AAMC. Acad Med. 1993;68(6):443–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Scalese RJ, Obeso VT, Issenberg SB. Simulation technology for skills training and competency assessment in medical education. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(1):46–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kneebone R, Baillie S. Contextualized simulation and procedural skills: a view from medical education. J Vet Med Educ. 2003;35(4):595–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Qayumi K, Pachev G, Zheng B, Ziv A, Koval V, Badiei S, et al. Status of simulation in healthcare education: an international survey. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014;5:457–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. McGaghie W, Issenberg S, Petrusa E, Scalese RJ. A critical review of simulation-based medical education research 2003–2009. Med Educ. 2010;44(1):50–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Clark RC, Mayer RE. Does practice make perfect? In: Clark RC, Mayer RE, editors. E-Learning & the science of instruction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002. p. 148–71.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Gobet F, Campitelli G. The role of domain-specific practice, handedness and starting age in chess. Dev Psychol. 2007;43:159–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Jiang G, Chen H, Wang S, Zhou Q, Li X, Chen K, Sui X. Learning curves and long-term outcome of simulation-based thoracentesis training for medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2011;11(1):39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Astin A. Assessment for excellence: the philosophy and practice of assessment and evaluation in higher education. Westport: The Oryx Press, An Imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  49. McGaghie W, Siddal V, Mazmanian P, Myers J. Lessons for continuing medical education from simulation research in undergraduate and graduate medical education: effectiveness of continuing medical education: American college of chest physicians evidence-based educational guidelines. Chest. 2009;135(3):62S–8S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. McGaghie WC, Issenberg SB, Cohen ER, Barsuk JH, Wayne DB. Translational educational research: a necessity for effective healthcare improvement. Chest. 2012;142(5):1097–103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Scholtz AK, Monachino AM, Nishisaki A, Nadkarni VM, Lengetti E. Central venous catheter dress rehearsals: translating simulation training to patient care and outcomes. Simul Healthc. 2013;8(5):341–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kirkpatrick D, Kirkpatrick J. Evaluating training programs: the four levels. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Collins JC. Good to great: why some companies make the leap—and others don’t. New York: Harper Business; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kim WC, Mauborgne R. Blue ocean strategy. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Katzenbach JR, Steffen I, Kronley C. Cultural change that sticks. Harvard Business Review 2012;90(7/8):110–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bandali KS, Craig R, Ziv A. Innovations in applied health: evaluating a simulation-enhanced, interprofessional curriculum. Med Teach. 34(3):e176–84, 2012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. McCormack C, Wiggins MW, Loveday T, Festa M. Expert and competent non-expert visual cues during simulated diagnosis in intensive care. Front Psychol. 2014. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00949.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Steinert Y. Faculty development: core concepts and principles. In: Steinert Y, editor. Faculty development in the health professions: a focus on research and practice. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 3–27.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  59. Bligh J. Faculty development. Med Educ. 2005;39(2):120–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Steinert Y, Mann K, Centeno A, Dolmans D, Spencer J, Gelula M, et al. A systematic review of faculty development initiatives designed to improve teaching effectiveness in medical education: BEME Guide No. 8. Med Teach. 2006;28(6):497–526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Leslie K, Baker L, Egan-Lee E, Esdaile M, Reeves S. Advancing faculty development in medical education: a systematic review. Acad Med. 2013;88(7):1038–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Jolly B. Faculty development for organizational change. In: Steinert Y, editor. Faculty development in the health professions: a focus on research and practice. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 119–39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  63. Steinert Y. Learning from experience: from workplace learning to communities of practice. In: Steinert Y, editor. Faculty development in the health professions: a focus on research and practice. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 141–58.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  64. Academy of Medical Educators. Professional standards. 3rd ed. Cardiff: Academy of Medical Educators; 2014. March 1, 2015. http://www.medicaleducators.org/aome/assets/File/AOME%20Professional%20Standards%202014%281%29.pdf.

  65. Certification Standards and Elements2012 January 4, 2015. http://www.ssih.org/Portals/48/Certification/CHSE%20Standards.pdf.

  66. SSH Certified Healthcare Simulation Educator Handbook2014 January 4, 2015. http://www.ssih.org/Portals/48/Certification/CHSE_Docs/CHSE%20Handbook.pdf.

  67. Edmondson AC. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Adm Sci Q. 1999;44:350–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Edmondson AC. Teaming: how organizations learn, innovate, and compete in the knowledge economy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Rudolph JW, Simon R, Raemer DB. Which reality matters? Questions on the path to high engagement in healthcare simulation. Simul Healthc. 2007;2(3):161–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Dieckmann P, Gaba D, Rall M. Deepening the theoretical foundations of patient simulation as social practice. Simul Healthc. 2007;2(3):183–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wayne DB, Butter J, Siddall VJ, Fudala MJ, Wade LD, Feinglass J, et al. Mastery learning of advanced cardiac life support skills by internal medicine residents using simulation technology and deliberate practice. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(3):251–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Barsuk JH, McGaghie WC, Cohen ER, Balachandran JS, Wayne DB. Use of simulation-based mastery learning to improve the quality of central venous catheter placement in a medical intensive care unit. J Hosp Med. 2009;4(7):397–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Rudolph JW, Simon R, Dufresne RL, Raemer DB. There’s no such thing as “nonjudgmental” debriefing: a theory and method for debriefing with good judgment. Simul Healthc. 2006;1(1):49–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Cheng A, Grant V, Dieckmann P, Arora S, Robinson T, Eppich W. Faculty development for simulation programs: five issues for the future of debriefing training. Simul Healthc. 2015;10:217–22.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Mann K. Faculty development to promote role-modeling and reflective practice. In: Steinert Y, editor. Faculty development in the health professions: a focus on research and practice. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 245–64.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  76. Cheng A, Palaganas JC, Eppich WJ, Rudolph J, Robinson T, Grant V. Co-debriefing for simulation-based education: a primer for facilitators. Simul Healthc. 2015;10:69–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Boillat M, Elizov M. Peer coaching and mentorship. Faculty development in the health professions: a focus on research and practice. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014. p. 159–80.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  78. Sullivan PB, Buckle A, Nicky G, Atkinson SH. Peer observation of teaching as a faculty development tool. BMC Med Educ. 2012;12:26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Finn K, Chiappa V, Puig A, Hunt DP. How to become a better clinical teacher: a collaborative peer observation process. Med Teach. 2011;33(2):151–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Adshead L, White PT, Stephenson A. Introducing peer observation of teaching to GP teachers: a questionnaire study. Med Teach. 2006;28(2):e68–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Simon R, Raemer DB, Rudolph JW. Debriefing assessment for simulation in healthcare: rater Version2009 September 27, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Brett-Fleegler M, Rudolph J, Eppich W, Monuteaux M, Fleegler E, Cheng A, et al. Debriefing assessment for simulation in healthcare: development and psychometric properties. Simul Healthc. 2012;7(5):288–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Arora S, Ahmed M, Paige J, Nestel D, Runnacles J, Hull L, et al. Objective structured assessment of debriefing: bringing science to the art of debriefing in surgery. Ann Surg. 2012;256(6):982–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marino Festa MBBS, MRCP (UK), FCICM, MD (Res) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Festa, M., Sigalet, E., Eppich, W., Cheng, A., Grant, V. (2016). Simulation Education Program Development. In: Grant, V., Cheng, A. (eds) Comprehensive Healthcare Simulation: Pediatrics. Comprehensive Healthcare Simulation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24187-6_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24187-6_28

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24185-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24187-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics