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International Workshop on Systems and Frameworks for Computational Morphology

SFCM 2015: Systems and Frameworks for Computational Morphology pp 1–26Cite as

Morphology Within the Multi-layered Annotation Scenario of the Prague Dependency Treebank

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Part of the Communications in Computer and Information Science book series (CCIS,volume 537)

Abstract

Morphological annotation constitutes a separate layer in the multi-layered annotation scenario of the Prague Dependency Treebank. At this layer, morphological categories expressed by a word form are captured in a positional part-of-speech tag. According to the Praguian approach based on the relation between form and function, functions (meanings) of morphological categories are represented as well, namely as grammateme attributes at the deep-syntactic (tectogrammatical) layer of the treebank.

In the present paper, we first describe the role of morphology in the Prague Dependency Treebank, and then outline several recent topics based on Praguian morphology: named entity recognition in Czech, formemes attributes encoding morpho-syntactic information in the dependency-based machine translation system, and development of a lexical database of derivational relations based partially on information provided by the morphological analyser.

Keywords

  • Annotation
  • Deep syntax
  • Lemma
  • Morphology
  • Multi-layered scenario
  • Part-of-speech tag
  • Surface syntax
  • Tagging

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Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

Notes

  1. 1.

    The issues of morphological synthesis, generation etc. go beyond the scope of the paper; see Hajič [11] for a complex description of computational approach to Czech morphology including formal definitions.

  2. 2.

    The semi-supervised version of Morče was published under the Compost project (http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/legacy/compost/cz/). An implementation of the averaged perceptron algorithm was released in the Featurama project too (http://sourceforge.net/projects/featurama/).

  3. 3.

    http://korpus.cz/.

  4. 4.

    http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/rest/CAC/tOrig.html.

  5. 5.

    http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt1/Morphology_and_Tagging/Doc/compact_tags.pdf.

  6. 6.

    The tag of the verb form is composed according to the pattern for present indicative forms: VPnpa (i.e., verb – indicative present – number – person – negation).

  7. 7.

    http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt1/Morphology_and_Tagging/Doc/hmptagqr.pdf.

  8. 8.

    An extended version of 16 positions was used in corpora of the Czech National Corpus. The 16th position is associated with the category of aspect which is, when using the tag with 15 positions, encoded in the technical lemma suffix described below.

  9. 9.

    Generally speaking, there are typical nominal categories, such as case and gender, which do not combine with verbal categories, such as person, tense, mood, and voice. However, for instance, some Czech verb forms (past participle, transgressive) are marked for gender.

  10. 10.

    With pluralia tantum nouns and other words with an incomplete or deficient paradigm, other forms are used instead of the canonical one; for instance, the plurale tantum kalhoty ‘trousers’ is assigned the nominative plural form as a lemma.

  11. 11.

    The present paper draws a terminological distinction between a level as a concept of the theoretical framework of FGD and a layer as a part of the annotation scenario of PDT.

  12. 12.

    An opposite perspective, i.e. the text as a surface string which is assigned a deeper analysis, is justifiable as well; however, we stick to the perspective from the text as a basis on the top of which analyses are built.

  13. 13.

    There are considerable similarities in dealing with morphology between FGD (and PDT) and the Meaning-Text Theory (MTT). As in MTT even more levels are distinguished than in FGD, the morphological level in FGD corresponds mainly to the deep-morphological representation in MTT but shares several features with the surface-syntactic representation of this framework [34]. The function of morphological categories is then a part of the deep-syntactic representation in MTT (the attributes are called grammemes in MTT and grammatemes in FGD); see Žabokrtský [74] for a more detailed comparison of these frameworks.

  14. 14.

    A preliminary, test version of the treebank (PDT 0.5), containing 450 thousand tokens in 26 thousand sentences, was compiled for the Summer Workshop on Language Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore in 1998.

  15. 15.

    Syntactically annotated PDT data of the particular versions are publicly accesible via the PML Tree Query environment (https://lindat.mff.cuni.cz/services/pmltq/; [38]) for searching.

  16. 16.

    https://bitbucket.org/jhana/feat-morph/wiki/Home.

  17. 17.

    These derivations are subtypes of lexical derivation according to Kuryłowicz [30].

  18. 18.

    Negated verb forms are analysed differently at the tectogrammatical layer, namely, they are decomposed into two nodes; cf. the verbal node with the lemma lze and node with the artificial lemma #Neg representing the negation in Fig. 2.

  19. 19.

    They belong to syntactic derivation as defined by Kuryłowicz [30].

  20. 20.

    http://nl.ijs.si/sdt/.

  21. 21.

    http://nlp.perseus.tufts.edu/syntax/treebank/.

  22. 22.

    Stanford Universal Dependencies, the Interset interligua (mentioned in Sect. 2.2), and Google universal POS tags [41] served as a basis for the annotation scheme of the Universal Dependencies treebank project, the current version of which (Universal Dependencies 1.1; [1]) contains dependency annotated data for 18 languages including Czech.

  23. 23.

    See http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/treex.

  24. 24.

    http://qtleap.eu/.

  25. 25.

    A limited derivational analysis is carried out also by the ajka analyser (see Sect. 2.1).

  26. 26.

    In Czech linguistics, derivation is separated from inflectional morphology, being described as the core part of word-formation, which is kept apart from the grammatical module; only inflectional morphology and syntax are supposed to constitute the grammatical structure of Czech.

  27. 27.

    http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/derinet.

  28. 28.

    http://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/derinet/viewer.

  29. 29.

    For instance, one of the changes occurring during derivation of the adjective sněžný ‘snowy’ from the noun sníh ‘snow’ is present in the inflectional paradigm of the noun (sníh.nom.sg – sněhu.gen.sg).

  30. 30.

    One of the current mistakes is documented in the tree in Fig. 3: the noun nestandardnost ‘non-standardness’ is to be captured as derived either from the noun standardnost ‘standardness’, or from the adjective nestandardní ‘non-standard’ (which is not included in the network, though).

  31. 31.

    For instance, the suffix -ka is used both in diminutives and female nouns (e.g. skříň ‘cupboard’ \(>\) skříňka ‘small cupboard’, učitel ‘teacher’ \(>\) učitelka ‘female teacher’), and, on the other hand, several meanings are expressed by formally different affixes in Czech (e.g. female nouns are derived by the suffixes -ka, -yně, -ice, -ovna and several others).

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Acknowledgements

The research reported on in the paper has been supported by the LINDAT-Clarin project of the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (LM2010013).

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  1. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics, Charles University in Prague, Malostranské náměstí 25, 118 00, Prague, Czech Republic

    Magda Ševčíková

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Correspondence to Magda Ševčíková .

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  1. Institut für Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim, Germany

    Cerstin Mahlow

  2. Leibniz Institute of European History, Mainz, Germany

    Michael Piotrowski

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Ševčíková, M. (2015). Morphology Within the Multi-layered Annotation Scenario of the Prague Dependency Treebank. In: Mahlow, C., Piotrowski, M. (eds) Systems and Frameworks for Computational Morphology. SFCM 2015. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 537. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23980-4_1

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