Skip to main content

Metabolic Healthy Obesity and Metabolic Obesity with Normal Weight and CVD Risk in Women

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology

Part of the book series: ISGE Series ((ISGE))

Abstract

Obesity is defined as the excess of body fat and results from interactions between genes and the environment. The factors contributing to obesity are unsuitable nutrition and food overproduction, poor physical activity, mental stress, psychoemotional disorders, and metabolic and hormonal disturbances [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. WHO (1998) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO/NUT/NCD/98. Report of a WHO consultation on Obesity, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tucci S, Futterweit W, Concepcion ES, Greenberg DA, Villanueva R, Davies TF, Tomer Y (2001) Evidence for association of polycystic ovary syndrome in caucasian women with a marker at the insulin receptor gene locus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(1):446–449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hara M, Alcoser SY, Qaadir A, Beiswenger KK, Cox NJ, Ehrmann DA (2002) Insulin resistance is attenuated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome with the Pro(12)Ala polymorphism in the PPARgamma gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(2):772–775

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Buemann B, Vohl MC, Chagnon M, Chagnon YC, Gagnon J, Pérusse L, Dionne F, Després JP, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Bouchard C (1997) Abdominal visceral fat is associated with a BclI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the glucocorticoid receptor gene locus. Obes Res 5(3):186–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Widén E, Lehto M, Kanninen T, Walston J, Shuldiner AR, Groop LC (1995) Association of a polymorphism in the beta 3-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. N Engl J Med 333(6):348–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Snijder MB, Van Dam RM, Visser M, Seidell JC (2006) What aspects of body fat are particularly hazardous and how do we measure them? Int J Epidemiol 35(1):83–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Larson DE, Hunter GR, Williams MJ, Kekes-Szabo T, Nyikos I, Goran MI (1996) Dietary fat in relation to body fat and intraabdominal adipose tissue: a cross-sectional analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 64(5):677–684

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kershaw EE, Filer JS (2004) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 89(6):2548–2556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Karelis AD, St-Pierre DH, Conus F, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Poehlman ET (2004) Metabolic and body composition factors in subgroups of obesity: what do we know? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(6):2569–2575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Snijder MB, Visser M, Dekker JM, Goodpaster BH, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, De Rekeneire N, Kanaya AM, Newman AB, Tylavsky FA, Seidell JC, Health ABC Study (2005) Low subcutaneous thigh fat is a risk factor for unfavourable glucose and lipid levels, independently of high abdominal fat. The Health ABC Study. Diabetologia 48(2):301–308, Epub 2005 Jan 20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Demerath EW, Reed D, Rogers N, Sun SS, Lee M, Choh AC, Couch W, Czerwinski SA, Chumlea WC, Siervogel RM, Towne B (2008) Visceral adiposity and its anatomical distribution as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factor levels. Am J Clin Nutr 88(5):1263–1271

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Jourdan T, Djaouti L, Demizieux L, Gresti J, Vergès B, Degrace P (2010) CB1 antagonism exerts specific molecular effects on visceral and subcutaneous fat and reverses liver steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes 59(4):926–934. doi:10.2337/db09-1482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Milewicz A, Jedrzejuk D, Dunajska K, Lwow F (2010) Waist circumference and serum adiponectin levels in obese and non-obese postmenopausal women. Maturitas 65(3):272–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wildman RP (2009) Healthy obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12(4):438–443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, McGinn AP, Rajpathak S, Wylie-Rosett J, Sowers MR (2008) The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999–2004). Arch Intern Med 168(15):1617–1624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Perseghin G (2008) Is a nutritional therapeutic approach unsuitable for metabolically healthy but obese women? Diabetologia 51(9):1567–1569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Paterson JM, Morton NM, Fievet C, Kenyon CJ, Holmes MC, Staels B, Seckl JR, Mullins JJ (2004) Metabolic syndrome without obesity: hepatic overexpression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(18):7088–7093

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Ruderman N, Chisholm D, Pi-Sunyer X, Schneider S (1998) The metabolically obese, normal-weight individual revisited. Diabetes 47(5):699–713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chan JL, Moschos SJ, Bullen J, Heist K, Li X, Kim YB, Kahn BB, Mantzoros CS (2005) Recombinant methionyl human leptin administration activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vivo and regulates soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor levels in humans with relative leptin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(3):1625–1631, Epub 2004 Dec 21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, Brotons C, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, Ebrahim S, Faergeman O, Graham I, Mancia G, Manger Cats V, Orth-Gomér K, Perk J, Pyorälä K, Rodicio JL, Sans S, Sansoy V, Sechtem U, Silber S, Thomsene T, Wood D, European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), International Diabetes Federation Europe (IDF-Europe), European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), European Heart Network (EHN), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Society of Hypertension (ESH), International Society of Behavioural Medicine (ISBM), European Society of General Practice/Family Medicine (ESGP/FM) (2004) European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of eight societies and by invited experts). Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 97(10):1019–1030

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lwow F, Dunajska K, Milewicz A, Jedrzejuk D, Kik K, Szmigiero L (2011) Effect of moderate-intensity exercise on oxidative stress indices in metabolically healthy obese and metabolically unhealthy obese phenotypes in postmenopausal women: a pilot study. Menopause 18(6):646–653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrzej Milewicz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Milewicz, A., Kubicka, E. (2016). Metabolic Healthy Obesity and Metabolic Obesity with Normal Weight and CVD Risk in Women. In: Genazzani, A., Tarlatzis, B. (eds) Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology. ISGE Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23865-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23865-4_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23864-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23865-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics