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Growth of the Southern Andes pp 63–98Cite as

Cenozoic Orogenic Evolution of the Southern Central Andes (32–36°S)

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Abstract

This review explores the complex interactions of endogenic and exogenic processes in the segment of the Andes that straddle a transition from the Pampean flat slab to a normal subduction segment (32°–36°S). This segment shows remarkable along-strike variations in topographic uplift, structural elevation, amount and rate of shortening, and crustal root geometry. In the flat-slab segment, high elevations, the development of several tectonic provinces (mountain systems) and the lack of active volcanism characterize the orogen. Deformation and uplift advanced to the east, together with arc-related magmatic activity, sequentially uplifting the Principal Cordillera (20 to ~8 Ma), the Frontal Cordillera (12–5 Ma), the Precordillera (<10 Ma) and the Sierras Pampeanas (<5 Ma). In the normal subduction segment to the south, the Andes are characterized by a decrease in elevation, with a big step in topography at ~35°S and the development of an active magmatic arc straddling the Argentina-Chile border. The Frontal Cordillera is only in the northern part of the normal subduction segment, disappearing at 34°S; only the Principal Cordillera remains south of this latitude. Similarly, deformation progressively advanced to the east, uplifting the Principal Cordillera (20–8 Ma), the Frontal Cordillera (<10 Ma) and the San Rafael basement block (<5 Ma). The amount of shortening systematically decreases from north to south along these two segments, but at the transitional zone between flat and normal subduction zones, there is a sharp decline from ~180 km of shortening (32°S) to ~70 km (33°40′S). South from this latitude, the amount of shortening lineally decreases until it reaches ~30 km at 35°S. Yet, interestingly, the amount of late Miocene surface uplift is opposite to the trend in crustal shortening . These along-strike variations are best explained by boundary conditions of the subduction system related to interplate dynamics controlling the overall pattern of tectonic shortening. However, local variations in mean topographic elevation, deformation styles and crustal root geometry are more likely to be due to upper-plate lithospheric strength variations. These strength variations have governed the coupling degree between brittle upper crust and ductile lower crust deformation. In the flat-slab segment, an initial thick and felsic crust favors the coupling model; while in the normal subduction segment, a thin and mafic lower crust allows the uncoupling model.

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Acknowledgements

LG, GDH, SMM acknowledge IGCP program 586Y “Geodynamic Processes in the Andes” for stimulating much of the material presented here. This research was supported by grants from the CONICET (PIP 639, PIP 5843 and PIP 112,201,101-484) and the Agencia de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 07-10,942 and PICT-2011-1079) to LG, JM, JS, FB and SMM. GDH also acknowledges the Donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund for supporting his participation in this contribution.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, IANIGLA, CCT Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina

    Laura Giambiagi, José Mescua, Stella Maris Moreiras, Ana Lossada & Rafael Toural Dapoza

  2. IIDyPCa, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Mitre 630, CP 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

    Florencia Bechis

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA

    Gregory Hoke

  4. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales (IGEBA) UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Julieta Suriano

  5. Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

    Silvana Spagnotto

  6. CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

    Manuela Mazzitelli, Diego Mardonez & Diego Sebastián Pagano

  7. SEGEMAR, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Alicia Folguera

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  1. Laura Giambiagi
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  2. José Mescua
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Correspondence to Laura Giambiagi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo, Groeber”, Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo, Groeber”, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Andrés Folguera

  2. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, FCEN - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo Groeber” and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Maximiliano Naipauer

  3. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, FCEN - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo Groeber” and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Lucía Sagripanti

  4. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, FCEN - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo Groeber” and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Matías C. Ghiglione

  5. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro - CONI, Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiolo Universidad Nacional de Río Negro - CONI, General Roca (Río Negro), Argentina

    Darío L. Orts

  6. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, IANIGLA, CCT Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina

    Laura Giambiagi

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Giambiagi, L. et al. (2016). Cenozoic Orogenic Evolution of the Southern Central Andes (32–36°S). In: Folguera, A., Naipauer, M., Sagripanti, L., C. Ghiglione, M., Orts, D., Giambiagi, L. (eds) Growth of the Southern Andes. Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23060-3_4

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