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German Military Geology and Fortification of the British Channel Islands During World War II

Part of the book series: Advances in Military Geosciences ((AMG))

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Abstract

Historically, the British Channel Islands lay outside the scope of the national geological surveys of both Great Britain and France but were studied by a succession of geologists, British, French, and local, from at least 1811 onwards. These established that the islands reveal a terrain different from other regions of the British Isles and form part of the Armorican Massif, of Precambrian to Paleozoic age, that forms much of Lower Normandy and Brittany in nearby France. This region comprises metamorphic and igneous rocks together with a range of Paleozoic strata, the bedrock having a thin and patchy superficial cover of Quaternary sediments. Rocks of Mesozoic and Tertiary age are largely absent. When they seized the islands in 1940, German forces had access locally and via university libraries in Germany and France to a wide range of published information that revealed a developing understanding of the kinds of rocks to be found on the islands, and the times and processes involved in their formation. The distribution of the major rock types had been mapped at different scales and detail in the different islands, but provided a basis of ‘pure’ geology that could be enhanced and adapted to meet German military engineering requirements.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Armorica was a part of ancient Gaul, including the region of modern Brittany, known by this name in Roman times.

  2. 2.

    The Cadomian Orogeny was named by Bertrand (1921) from Cadomus, the Roman name for the city of Caen in Normandy.

  3. 3.

    Named after Caledonia, the Roman name for Scotland, the Caledonian Orogeny was a period of mountain building—involving metamorphic, tectonic, and igneous events associated with ocean closure—that affected rocks now found in northern Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere, from Ordovician to Early Devonian times and so about 490–390 million years ago.

  4. 4.

    Named after Variscia, a medieval Latin name for the homeland of one of the German tribes, the Variscan period of mountain building is now widely recognized in Europe as involving events—associated with continent–continent collision—primarily in late Paleozoic times, about 350–250 million years ago.

  5. 5.

    Greywacke (from German Grauwacke: a grey, earthy rock) was recognized as a texturally immature sandstone.

  6. 6.

    Then as now used to denote an igneous rock in which large-grained crystals are dispersed within a fine-grained groundmass.

  7. 7.

    An accumulation of fine-grained, mostly siliceous, wind-blown dust.

  8. 8.

    Cambrien = Precambrian, since at that time for some authors the Cambrien had not yet been separated from the Precambrian.

  9. 9.

    The process by which country rock is broken up and engulfed by the upward movement of magma (the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed).

  10. 10.

    Arthur Ernest Mourant (1904–1994) graduated from the University of Oxford with a degree in chemistry, before completing a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) thesis there in 1931. He returned to his childhood home of Jersey and established a pathology laboratory but, in 1938, began studies in medicine at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. Thereafter he pioneered studies in hematology, from 1946 founding and directing the Blood Group Reference Laboratory in London for 20 years. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (FRS) in 1966, on retirement he returned to Jersey, and continued studies on its geology (Misson et al. 1999).

  11. 11.

    Mr. A.J. Robinson had taught at the Grammar School at Batley in Lancashire before taking up appointment as science master at Victoria College, Jersey’s premier school, in 1916. He remained in post until retirement, becoming an enthusiastic amateur geologist. He was president of the Geological Section of the Société Jersiaise from 1924 to 1962; wrote an annual report for the Section, except for the war years; and ‘helped a great many visiting geologists’ (Mourant 1973, p. 51).

  12. 12.

    In MacCulloch’s understanding (MacCulloch 1821, pp. 229–242), granite comprised quartz, feldspar and mica; his sienite comprised quartz, feldspar and hornblende; whilst granitel seems to have been a textural term referring to a finer grain size and needing additional features such as black mica or hornblende to define it further.

  13. 13.

    Lukis was a Guernsey polymath (Renouf 2009), nowadays chiefly valued for his archaeological recordings and researches, who appears to have begun his scientific studies in geology during the 1820s. He is not known to have carried out any serious geological mapping of the island’s bedrock, but his interest in geology intersected with his primary interest in archaeology and so generated studies of peat and other superficial deposits.

  14. 14.

    Uncommon ‘ultrapotassic’ igneous rocks, dark grey to black in colour, known from small intrusions, particularly dykes.

  15. 15.

    Geosynclines, according to a concept that developed within the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, were recognized as linear troughs of subsidence that formed on the Earth’s crust within which thousands of metres of sediment accumulated before folding and faulting transformed these regions into mountain chains.

  16. 16.

    The Icartian replaced the Pentevrian of Cogné (1959) when it became evident that the rocks on which the name had been based were essentially no later than 1000 million years before present in age and so an early manifestation of the Brioverian. The Icartian, named after the Icart gneiss on Guernsey, was defined for rocks calculated to be much older, about 2000 million years in age (D’Lemos et al. 1990b).

  17. 17.

    According to the theory of plate tectonics, the Earth’s outer shell is formed by about seven major ‘plates’, and many smaller ones, that glide over the mantle—the inner rocky layer above the Earth’s core. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform.

  18. 18.

    Where one tectonic plate moves under another.

  19. 19.

    First properly described in 1962, turbidites are fining-upward sequences of clastic sediments now recognized as having been deposited typically in deep-water oceanic environments by intermittent gravity flows.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Le Cotil des Pelles, La Route du Petit Port, St. Brelade, Jersey

    John T. Renouf

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK

    Edward P. F. Rose

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    Edward P. F. Rose

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Renouf, J.T., Rose, E.P.F. (2020). Geology. In: Rose, E.P.F. (eds) German Military Geology and Fortification of the British Channel Islands During World War II. Advances in Military Geosciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22768-9_2

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