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Carnap’s Aufbau and the Early Schlick

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Influences on the Aufbau

Part of the book series: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook ((VCIY,volume 18))

Abstract

It is shown that Carnap’s Aufbau was inspired by the early Moritz Schlick’s conception of ‘empirical realism.’ Demarcating it from ‘metaphysical’ realism the empirical realist position was applied by Schlick to Einstein’s theory of relativity. As will be argued in the paper, Carnap too thought that empirical realism is the adequate epistemological framework for a rational reconstruction of the language of science. On the whole, the aim is to make clear that the established view of Carnap as an ardent anti-realist is in need of correction: Carnap was a metaphysical anti-realist, but not an anti-realist as concerns science.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Moritz Schlick- -> to Rudolf Carnap- ->, March 14, 1926. The German original reads as follows: “Der Titel Ihrer Arbeit, auf den benanntlich in mancher Hinsicht viel ankommt, scheint mir nicht sehr praktisch gewählt zu sein, da auch ein chemisches oder medizinisches Werk ‘Konstitutionstheorie’ heißen könnte. Ein Name, der über den philosophischen Charakter der Schrift keinen Zweifel lässt, wäre gewiß praktischer. Wie wäre es mit ‚Der logische Aufbau der Welt?‘ Daß es sich um eine Konstitutionstheorie der Erkenntnisgegenstände handelt, könnte dann der Untertitel sagen. Vielleicht nehmen Sie zu diesem Vorschlag Stellung. Ein mehr philosophischer Titel wäre unter allen Umständen zweckmäßig.”

  2. 2.

    Rudolf Carnap- -> to Moritz Schlick- ->, March 19, 1926. The German original reads as follows: “Ihrem Rate folgend möchte ich den Titel des Manuskripts so fassen: ‘Der logische Aufbau der Welt. Versuch einer Konstitutionstheorie der Begriffe‘. […] Ob hiermit die endgültige Lösung des Titelproblems gefunden ist, weiß ich noch nicht. Darüber würde ich gern später mal mit Ihnen sprechen. Für Ihren Rat und Vorschlag bin ich Ihnen sehr dankbar.”

  3. 3.

    Rudolf Carnap- -> to Moritz Schlick- ->, December 1927. The German original reads as follows: “Der bisher beabsichtigte Titel ‘Der logische Aufbau der Welt. Versuch einer Konstitutionstheorie der Begriffe’ scheint mir in Konflikt zu geraten mit einer Arbeit, die ich für später plane. […] An einer Stelle des Buches deute ich kurz an, dass ein anderes Konst.-system möglich ist; mit physischer (‘materialistischer’) Basis. […] Welches der beiden Systeme verdient mehr den Namen eines ‘Aufbaues der Wirklichkeit’? […] Ich möchte den Buchtitiel jetzt schon mit Rücksicht auf diesen späteren Plan wählen. Vielleicht jetzt ‘Erkenntnislogik’; das Spätere ‘Wirklichkeitslogik’? Dazu der frühere Untertitel? Oder: ‘Der logische Aufbau der Erkenntnis’, später: ‘Der logische Aufbau der Welt’? Ist ‘Erkenntnislogik’ oder ‘Logik der Erkenntnis’ zu blass? Für Vorschläge wäre ich sehr dankbar.”

  4. 4.

    Moritz Schlick- -> to Rudolf Carnap- ->, January 4, 1928. The German original reads as follows: “Dass der Verlagsvertrag Deines Buches endgültig abgeschlossen ist, war mir eine sehr willkommene Nachricht. Über den Titel des Werkes möchte folgendes sagen: Ein Buchtitel hat nicht blos [sic!] die Aufgabe, den Inhalt des Werkes richtig zu bezeichnen, sondern auf das wichtigste des Inhaltes oder der Absicht mit suggestiver Kraft- -> hinzudeuten – ja dies letztere ist sogar die Hauptsache. Ich würde daher von den Titeln, die Du am Schlusse Deines Zettels vorschlägst, entschieden abraten; sie sind in der Tat zu blass. Das Grundlegende an Deinem Buche […] sind doch die allgemeinen Ausführungen über die Prinzipien der Konstitution, und daran schließt sich erst der Aufbau des Erkenntnissystems. Für diese prinzipielle Grundlegung […] scheint mir nun ‘Der logische Aufbau der Welt’ doch der geeignete Titel zu sein, wobei diese Worte allerdings so zu verstehen sind, dass es sich in erster Linie um die Prinzipien eines solchen Aufbaus überhaupt, weniger um seine wirkliche und spezielle Durchführung handelt.”

  5. 5.

    As Carnap- -> reports to Schlick- -> in a letter dated August 6, 1928, it was the publisher Wilhelm Benary- -> who suppressed or merely forgot to include the subtitle. Carnap himself, when reading the proofs, did, as he points out in the letter to Schlick, not realize that the subtitle was lacking.

  6. 6.

    Here and in what follows I heavily draw on Neuber- -> 2011, 2012.

  7. 7.

    For the historical details of the project of a ‘scientific philosophy’ (and its Kantian roots) see Richardson- -> 1997 and Friedman- -> 2012.

  8. 8.

    For a detailed reconstruction, see Neuber- -> 2014.

  9. 9.

    See, for example, Kant- -> [1787] 1998, B 66: “It is […] indubitably certain and not merely possible or even probable that space and time […] are merely subjective conditions of all our intuition, in relation to which therefore all objects are mere appearances and not things given for themselves in this way; about these appearances, further, much may be said a priori that concerns their form but nothing whatsoever about the things in themselves that may ground them.”

  10. 10.

    The corresponding diagnosis of a ‘crisis of intuition’ is extensively discussed in Neuber- -> 2012, ch. 1.

  11. 11.

    Interestingly enough, Schlick- ->, by establishing the conception of scientific knowledge as purely conceptual knowledge in his Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre, refers the reader to Külpe- ->’s theory of scientific concepts as “fixed coordinations between signs and signified objects” (see Schlick [1918] 1974, § 5, footnote 2 and Külpe 1912, p. 226).

  12. 12.

    For the critical realists’ ‘substantialism,’ see Neuber- -> 2012, p. 69.

  13. 13.

    See Carnap- -> [1928] 1968, p. 29: “[S]cience wants to speak about what is objective, and whatever does not belong to the structure but to the material (i.e., anything that can be pointed out in a concrete ostensive definition) is, in the final analysis, subjective. One can easily see that physics is almost altogether desubjectivized, since almost all physical concepts have been transformed into purely structural concepts.”

  14. 14.

    The essential passage in this connection reads as follows: “In order to fix a point in space, we must in some way or other, directly or indirectly, point to it: we must make the point of a pair of compasses, or a finger, or the intersection of cross-wires, coincide with it (i.e., bring about a time-space coincidence of two elements which are usually apart). Now these coincidences always occur consistently for all the intuitional spaces of the various senses and for various individuals. It is just on account of this that a ‘point’ is defined which is objective, i.e. independent of individual experiences and valid for all. […] Upon close investigation, we find that we arrive at the construction of physical space and time by just this method of coincidences and by no other process. The space-time manifold is neither more nor less than the quintessence of objective elements as defined by this method. The fact of its being a four-dimensional manifold follows from experience in the application of the method itself.” (Schlick- -> [1917] 1979a, pp. 262–63).

  15. 15.

    In the remarks on the references to § 136, Carnap- -> states: “That the world of physics is completely free from sense data is shown by Schlick- -> [Raum und Zeit] 93 f. and Carnap [Phys. Begr.]; the latter also gives reasons for the transition from the qualitative perceptual world to the quantitative physical world (p. 51 ff.).” Carnap, in the mentioned little book on Physikalische Begriffsbildung (1926), refers (in the bibliography) to both Schlick’s Space and Time in Contemporary Physics and to the latter’s “Naturphilosophie” from 1925. The passage to which he refers in § 136 of the Aufbau reads as follows: “The objects of physics are […] not the data of sense: the space of physics is not in any way given with our perceptions, but is a product of our conceptions. […] Physics does not use colour as a property of the object with which it is associated, but only frequencies of the vibrations of electrons. Nor does it work with qualities of heat, but only with kinetic energy of the molecules etc.” (Schlick [1917] 1979a, pp. 260–61).

  16. 16.

    I have to thank Clinton Tolley- -> for helpful comments in this regard.

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Neuber, M. (2016). Carnap’s Aufbau and the Early Schlick. In: Damböck, C. (eds) Influences on the Aufbau. Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21876-2_6

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