Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

History of Prostate-Specific Antigen, from Detection to Overdiagnosis

  • Chapter
The Prostate Cancer Dilemma

Abstract

The history of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is full of significant discoveries that have revolutionized the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. In this chapter we summarize the history of the discovery of PSA and how it became such an integral part of prostate cancer management. Basic biology and physiology of PSA will also be discussed to provide insight about its current and future applications.

The use of PSA to screen for prostate cancer remains a controversial topic of debate and in this chapter we present some of the salient points in the arguments for and against the use of PSA screening. This chapter provides a focused literature review of the benefits and risks of PSA screening and a basis for its current recommendations for prostate cancer early detection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

PAP:

Prostatic acid phosphatase

DRE:

Digital rectal exam

kDa:

Kilodaltons

hK2:

Human kallikrein 2

FDA:

Federal Drug Administration

WHO:

World Health Organization

IRP:

International Reference Preparation

BPH:

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

AUA:

American Urological Association

ACA:

American Cancer Association

USA:

United States of America

CPDR:

Center for Prostate Disease Research

SEER:

Surveillance epidemiology, and end results

PLCO:

Prostate lung, colorectal and ovarian screening

ERSPC:

European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer

PIVOT:

Prostate cancer intervention versus observation trial

PCPT:

Prostate cancer prevention trial

REDEEM:

Reduction by dutasteride of clinical progression events in expectant management

TRUS:

Transrectal ultrasound

CAP/ProtecT:

Comparison arm for prostate testing for cancer and treatment trial

PCOS:

Prostate cancer outcomes study

References

  1. Gutman AB, Gutman EB. An acid phosphatase occurring in the serum of patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the prostate gland. J Clin Invest. 1938;17(1):473–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Huggins HR, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer: the effects of castration of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases on metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1941;1(1):293–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fishman WH, Lerner F. A method for estimating serum acid phosphatase of prostatic origin. J Biol Chem. 1953;200(1):89–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Griffiths JC. Prostate-specific acid phosphatase: re-evaluation of radioimmunoassay in diagnosing prostatic disease. Clin Chem. 1980;26(3):433–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Li CY, Chuda RA, Lam WK, Yam LT. Acid phosphatases in human plasma. J Lab Clin Med. 1973;82(3):446–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Flocks R, Urich V, Patel C, Opitz J. Studies on the antigenic properties of prostatic tissue. J Urol. 1960;84:134–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hara M, Koyanagi Y, Inoue T, Fukuyama T. Some physico-chemical characteristics of “ -seminoprotein”, an antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Forensic immunological study of body fluids and secretion. VII. Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1971;25(4):322–4. Japanese.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Li TS, Beling CG. Isolation and characterization of two specific antigens of human seminal plasma. Fertil Steril. 1973;24(2):134–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sensabaugh GF. Isolation and characterization of a semen-specific protein from human seminal plasma: a potential new marker for semen identification. J Forensic Sci. 1978;23(1):106–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. Tissue specific and tumor specific antigens in human prostate. Fed Proc. 1977;36:1254.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Papsidero LD, Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. A prostate antigen in sera of prostatic cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1980;40(7):2428–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ablin RJ, Bronson P, Soanes WA, Witebsky E. Tissue- and species-specific antigens of normal human prostatic tissue. J Immunol. 1970;104(6):1329–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ablin RJ, Soanes WA, Bronson P, Witebsky E. Precipitating antigens of the normal human prostate. J Reprod Fertil. 1970;22(3):573–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Invest Urol. 1979;17(2):159–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, McNeal JE, Freiha FS, Redwine E. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:909–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sokoll LJ, Chan DW. Prostate-specific antigen. Its discovery and biochemical characteristics. Urol Clin North Am. 1997;24(2):253–9. Review.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ban Y, Wang MC, Watt KW, Loor R, Chu TM. The proteolytic activity of human prostate-specific antigen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984;123(2):482–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lilja H. A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid cleaves the predominant seminal vesicle protein. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(5):1899–903.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lilja H. Structure and function of prostatic- and seminal vesicle-secreted proteins involved in the gelation and liquefaction of human semen. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1988;191:13–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Berg T, Bradshaw RA, Carretero OA, Chao J, Chao L, Clements JA, et al. A common nomenclature for members of the tissue (glandular) kallikrein gene families. Agents Actions Suppl. 1992;38(Pt 1):19–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Borgoño CA, Michael IP, Diamandis EP. Human tissue kallikreins: physiologic roles and applications in cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2004;2(5):257–80. Review.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. De Angelis G, Rittenhouse HG, Mikolajczyk SD, Blair Shamel L, Semjonow A. Twenty years of PSA: from prostate antigen to tumor marker. Rev Urol. 2007;9(3):113–23. Summer.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mikolajczyk SD, Millar LS, Marker KM, Grauer LS, Goel A, Cass MM, et al. Ala217 is important for the catalytic function and autoactivation of prostate-specific human kallikrein 2. Eur J Biochem. 1997;246(2):440–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Stenman UH, Leinonen J, Alfthan H, Rannikko S, Tuhkanen K, Alfthan O. A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specific antigen in serum of patients with prostatic cancer: assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer. Cancer Res. 1991;51(1):222–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lilja H, Christensson A, Dahlén U, Matikainen MT, Nilsson O, Pettersson K, et al. Prostate-specific antigen in serum occurs predominantly in complex with alpha 1-antichymotrypsin. Clin Chem. 1991;37(9):1618–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen Z, Chen H, Stamey TA. Prostate specific antigen in benign prostatic hyperplasia: purification and characterization. J Urol. 1997;157(6):2166–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Toubert ME, Guillet J, Chiron M, Meria P, Role C, Schlageter MH, et al. Percentage of free serum prostate-specific antigen: a new tool in the early diagnosis of prostatic cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1996;32A(12):2088–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Oesterling JE, Chan DW, Epstein JI, Kimball Jr AW, Bruzek DJ, Rock RC, et al. Prostate specific antigen in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of localized prostatic cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 1988;139(4):766–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Myrtle JF, Klimley PG, Ivor LP, Brun JF. Clinical utility of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the management of prostate cancer. Advances in Cancer Diagnosis. Hybritech. 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kane RA, Littrup PJ, Babaian R, Drago JR, Lee F, Chesley A, et al. Prostate-specific antigen levels in 1695 men without evidence of prostate cancer. Findings of the American Cancer Society National Prostate Cancer Detection Project. Cancer. 1992;69(5):1201–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Kopp JB. Prostate specific antigen levels in men older than 50 years without clinical evidence of prostatic carcinoma. J Urol. 1993;150(6):1837–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, Dodds KM, Coplen DE, Yuan JJ, et al. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(17):1156–61. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1991 Oct 31;325(18):1324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, Basler JW. Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen-based screening. JAMA. 1993;270(8):948–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dalkin BL, Ahmann FR, Kopp JB, Catalona WJ, Ratliff TL, Hudson MA, et al. Derivation and application of upper limits for prostate specific antigen in men aged 50-74 years with no clinical evidence of prostatic carcinoma. Br J Urol. 1995;76(3):346–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, Hudson MA, Scardino PT, Flanigan RC, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6,630 men. J Urol. 1994;151(5):1283–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Graves HC, Wehner N, Stamey TA. Comparison of a polyclonal and monoclonal immunoassay for PSA: need for an international antigen standard. J Urol. 1990;144(6):1516–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Punglia RS, D'Amico AV, Catalona WJ, Roehl KA, Kuntz KM. Effect of verification bias on screening for prostate cancer by measurement of prostate-specific antigen. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(4):335–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cooner WH, Mosley BR, Rutherford Jr CL, Beard JH, Pond HS, Terry WJ, et al. Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urological practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. J Urol. 1990;143(6):1146–52. discussion 1152-4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Brawer MK. Prostate specific antigen. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Brawer MK, Chetner MP, Beatie J, Buchner DM, Vessella RL, Lange PH. Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen. J Urol. 1992;147(3 Pt 2):841–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, Brant LJ, Chan DW, Andres R, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA. 1992;267(16):2215–20.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA. 1995;273(4):289–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Carter HB, Ferrucci L, Kettermann A, Landis P, Wright EJ, Epstein JI, et al. Detection of life-threatening prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen velocity during a window of curability. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(21):1521–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Potosky AL, Miller BA, Albertsen PC, Kramer BS. The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. JAMA. 1995;273(7):548–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Plawker MW, Fleisher JM, Vapnek EM, Macchia RJ. Current trends in prostate cancer diagnosis and staging among United States urologists. J Urol. 1997;158(5):1853–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Sun L, Gancarczyk K, Paquette EL, McLeod DG, Kane C, Kusuda L, et al. Introduction to Department of Defense Center for Prostate Disease Research Multicenter National Prostate Cancer Database, and analysis of changes in the PSA-era. Urol Oncol. 2001;6(5):203–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Hankey BF, Feuer EJ, Clegg LX, Hayes RB, Legler JM, Prorok PC, et al. Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer--part I: evidence of the effects of screening in recent prostate cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(12):1017–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Etzioni R, Legler JM, Feuer EJ, Merrill RM, Cronin KA, Hankey BF. Cancer surveillance series: interpreting trends in prostate cancer – part III: quantifying the link between population prostate-specific antigen testing and recent declines in prostate cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91(12):1033–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Albertsen PC, Fryback DG, Storer BE, Kolon TF, Fine J. Long-term survival among men with conservatively treated localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1995;274(8):626–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb 3rd RL, Buys SS, Chia D, Church TR, et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1310–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Ciatto S, Nelen V, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1320–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Jones KM, Barry MJ, Aronson WJ, Fox S, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(3):203–13.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Miller GJ, Ford LG, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(3):215–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW, Gomella LG, Marberger M, Montorsi F, REDUCE Study Group, et al. Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(13):1192–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pinsky PF, Black A, Kramer BS, Miller A, Prorok PC, Berg C. Assessing contamination and compliance in the prostate component of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. Clin Trials. 2010;7(4):303–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Roobol MJ, Kerkhof M, Schröder FH, Cuzick J, Sasieni P, Hakama M, et al. Prostate cancer mortality reduction by prostate-specific antigen-based screening adjusted for nonattendance and contamination in the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). Eur Urol. 2009;56(4):584–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Schröder FH, Roobol MJ. ERSPC and PLCO prostate cancer screening studies: what are the differences? Eur Urol. 2010;58(1):46–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb 3rd RL, Buys SS, Chia D, Church TR, et al. Prostate cancer screening in the randomized prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial: mortality results after 13 years of follow-up. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(2):125–32.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Zappa M, Nelen V, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. Lancet. 2014;384(9959):2027–35.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, Tammela TL, Ciatto S, Nelen V, et al. Prostate-cancer mortality at 11 years of follow-up. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(11):981–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(10):716–26, W-236.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Irwig L, Towler B, Watson E. Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test. Hemoccult. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;1, CD001216. Review.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hugosson J, Carlsson S, Aus G, Bergdahl S, Khatami A, Lodding P, et al. Mortality results from the Göteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(8):725–32.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kilpeläinen TP, Tammela TL, Malila N, Hakama M, Santti H, Määttänen L, et al. Prostate cancer mortality in the Finnish randomized screening trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(10):719–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gulati R, Mariotto AB, Chen S, Gore JL, Etzioni R. Long-term projections of the harm-benefit trade-off in prostate cancer screening are more favorable than previous short-term estimates. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1412–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lane JA, Donovan JL, Davis M, Walsh E, Dedman D, Down L, ProtecT study group, et al. Active monitoring, radical prostatectomy, or radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer: study design and diagnostic and baseline results of the ProtecT randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1109–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Heijnsdijk EA, Wever EM, Auvinen A, Hugosson J, Ciatto S, Nelen V, et al. Quality-of-life effects of prostate-specific antigen screening. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(7):595–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. American Cancer Society: What is prostate cancer?. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostatecancer/. Accessed 28 Nov 2014.

  69. Mariotto AB, Yabroff KR, Shao Y, Feuer EJ, Brown ML. Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010-2020. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(2):117–28.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Taylor KL, Luta G, Miller AB, Church TR, Kelly SP, Muenz LR, et al. Long-term disease-specific functioning among prostate cancer survivors and noncancer controls in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(22):2768–75.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Resnick MJ, Koyama T, Fan KH, Albertsen PC, Goodman M, Hamilton AS, et al. Long-term functional outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(5):436–45.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. de Oliveira C, Bremner KE, Ni A, Alibhai SM, Laporte A, Krahn MD. Patient time and out-of-pocket costs for long-term prostate cancer survivors in Ontario, Canada. J Cancer Surviv. 2014;8(1):9–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Jayadevappa R, Schwartz JS, Chhatre S, Gallo JJ, Wein AJ, Malkowicz SB. The burden of out-of-pocket and indirect costs of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2010;70(11):1255–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Morgans AK, Fan KH, Koyama T, Albertsen PC, Goodman M, Hamilton AS, et al. Influence of age on incident diabetes and cardiovascular disease among prostate cancer survivors receiving androgen deprivation therapy. J Urol. 2014;pii: S0022–5347(14)04835–6.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Daskivich TJ, Fan KH, Koyama T, Albertsen PC, Goodman M, Hamilton AS, et al. Prediction of long-term other-cause mortality in men with early-stage prostate cancer: results from the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. Urology. 2015;85(1):92–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Schultz D, Blank K, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280(11):969–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Loeb S, Sanda MG, Broyles DL, Shin SS, Bangma CH, Wei JT, et al. The Prostate Health Index (phi) selectively identifies clinically-significant prostate cancer. J Urol. 2014;pii: S0022–5347(14)04900–3.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Carlsson S, Maschino A, Schröder F, Bangma C, Steyerberg EW, van der Kwast T, et al. Predictive value of four kallikrein markers for pathologically insignificant compared with aggressive prostate cancer in radical prostatectomy specimens: results from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer section Rotterdam. Eur Urol. 2013;64(5):693–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Nordström T, Vickers A, Assel M, Lilja H, Grönberg H, Eklund M. Comparison between the four-kallikrein panel and Prostate Health Index for predicting prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2014;pii: S0302–2838(14)00752–0.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, Barnes Jewish Hospital, 4960 Children’s Place, Campus Box 8242, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA

    Brandon J. Manley M.D. & Gerald L. Andriole M.D.

Authors
  1. Brandon J. Manley M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gerald L. Andriole M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gerald L. Andriole M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Professor of Urology and Radiation Oncology, New York, New York, USA

    Nelson N. Stone

  2. Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Denver , Professor of Urology/Surgery, Aurora, Colorado, USA

    E. David Crawford

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manley, B.J., Andriole, G.L. (2016). History of Prostate-Specific Antigen, from Detection to Overdiagnosis. In: Stone, N., Crawford, E. (eds) The Prostate Cancer Dilemma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21485-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21485-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21484-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21485-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation