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The Development of Voltammetric Electroanalysis in the Former USSR

  • Chapter
Electrochemistry in a Divided World

Abstract

Voltammetric electroanalysis has played a very prominent role in the USSR. The famous geochemist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadskiy very early understood the significance of Jaroslav Heyrovský’s development of polarography (see the Sect. 3.2), and thanks to Vernadskiy the method was successfully introduced to the USSR (see the Sect. 5.1). The development of electroanalysis in the USSR was also catalyzed by Alexander Naumovich Frumkin (see the Chap. 4). Other factors which favored the development of electroanalysis in the USSR were (1) students of chemistry got a very serious training in mathematics, physics, and physical chemistry, of course including electrochemistry. This provided the intellectual basis for very serious research work, and (2) that the instrumentation was rather inexpensive, and thus very attractive for application.

An erratum of the original chapter can be found under DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21221-0_17

An erratum to this chapter can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21221-0_17

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This chapter is based on a previous publication [1].

  2. 2.

    In Russian: Наталья Петровна Пушкова.

  3. 3.

    In Russian: Николай Михайлович Варасов.

  4. 4.

    This information was partly provided by Natalya Pavlovna Sidorova (a relative of Ye. N. Varasova), Yelena Sirotkina (radio journalist), and the Pushkin Library, Malaya Vishera, partly it is accessible in the internet (see: http://aspbiblmv.sehost.ru/page9/1/1).

  5. 5.

    Constitution of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) of 1918, Part 30th, No. 65, depriving all people of the active and passive election rights who previously served the tsarist state, the church, or who have been assigned to be capitalists, landowners, etc.

  6. 6.

    In Russian: Евгений Иванович Васильев.

  7. 7.

    In 1922 a treaty about the establishment of Trade Missions was signed between the Czechoslovakia (Československo) and the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), and only in 1934 full diplomatic relations have started.

  8. 8.

    See Footnote 5.

  9. 9.

    http://vernadsky.name/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/vernadsky.pdf: V. I. Volkov (edt) (2006) V. I. Vernadskiy . Dnevniki 1935–1941. Vol 1 (1935–1938), p 152: “В 1937 году вышла по моей инициативе (книга), переведенная с чешского работавшей у меня Е.Н. Варасовой - чешки. Не знаю ее судьбы.”

  10. 10.

    Personal communication from Dr. Michael Heyrovský , March 2013.

  11. 11.

    See Footnote 5.

  12. 12.

    Prestuplenya Stalina i Stalinizma (The crimes of Stalin and Stalinism): “Варасова Евгения Николаевна, 1905 г. р., уроженка г. Малая Вишера, русская, беспартийная, в СССР прибыла из Чехословакии в 1930 г., ст. химик Института прикладной химии, проживала: г. Ленинград, Прядильный пер., д. 8, кв. 32. Арестована 13 ноября 1933 г. Коллегией ОГПУ 29 марта 1934 г. осуждена на 3 года ИТЛ условно. Вновь арестована 1 июня 1938 г. Особой тройкой УНКВД ЛО 31 октября 1938 г. приговорена по ст. 58-6 УК РСФСР к высшей мере наказания. Расстреляна в г. Ленинград 3 ноября 1938 г. (Ее муж и одноделец Евгений Иванович Васильев осужден в 1934 г. на 10 лет ИТЛ, отбывал срок в Инталаге, в 1944 г. осужден снова на 10 лет.).” http://antiput43.livelournal.com/469601.html

  13. 13.

    Vozvrashchyënnyye imena (Returned names): same text as in foregoing reference. http://visz.nlr.ru/searchword.php?qs=%EF%F0%EE%E6%E8%E2%E0%EB%E0&rpp=20&p=108

  14. 14.

    See Footnote 12.

  15. 15.

    “Васильев Евгений Иванович. Родился в 1904 г., г. Орел; русский; заключенный Интлага НКВД. Арестован 10 мая 1943 г. Приговорен: Особое совещание при НКВД СССР 5 января 1944 г., обв.: по ст.ст. 58-2 УК РСФСР, 58-10 ч.2, 58-11 УК РСФСР. Приговор: 10 лет лишения свободы.” http://lists.memo.ru/d6/f268.htm

  16. 16.

    This chapter is based on previous publications [56, 57].

  17. 17.

    In Russian: Ольга Альфредовна Сонгина; The sign used in the transcription of Russian words and names, e.g., in “Ol’ga Al’fredovna,” indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized (softened).

  18. 18.

    “Krasnyy Vyborzhets” means “Red Vyborger”; Vyborg is the name of a town. The factory was founded in 1857 by the Baltic mechanic Fëdor Gosh, in 1863 became the property of Karl Rosenkrants, and it became a State company after the revolution. The factory still exists.

  19. 19.

    The “Leningrad Metal Factory” was founded in 1857 by Sergey Nefed’yevich Rasteryayev, and from 1867 to 1891, its director was the German engineer Otto Georg Krehl. The factory is still working.

  20. 20.

    Named after the Bolshevik leader Mikhail Vasil’yevich Frunze (Михаил Васильевич Фрунзе), Bishkek 1885–Moscow 1925.

  21. 21.

    In Russian: Иосиф Владиславович Сонгин.

  22. 22.

    In Russian: Владислав Осипович Сонгин.

  23. 23.

    Konstantin Stanislavovich Olevskiy (Константин Станиславович Олевский) (born 1901 in Tbilisi, arrested on November 23rd, 1937, sentenced to death on December 15th 1937, and executed on December 20th 1937) and Romual’d Romual’dovich Czerwiński (Ромуальд Ромуальдович Червинский) (born 1909 in Sankt Peterburg, arrested on September 2nd, 1937, sentenced to death on October 1st, 1937, and executed on October 6th, 1937).

  24. 24.

    Nikolay Ivanovich Yezhov (Николай Иванович Ежов), from 1936 to 1938 head of the NKVD and the main inquisitor, issued the NKVD Order No. 00485 “On liquidation of Polish sabotage and espionage groups and units of POW (Polish Military Organization, Polska Organizacja Wojskowa),” approved August 9, 1937. This order was the basis of most severe repressions of national Poles in 1937/1938.

  25. 25.

    From the files No. P-25620, as reported by the “Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy federatsii” in a letter to El’za Zakharovna from October 9th, 2012, file No. 10/21-Z-1893/386. This document is kept by the author. In this document is written: „Постановлением Комиссии НКВД и Прокурора СССР от 22 ноября 1937г. Осужден к высшей мере наказания-расстрелу. Проговор проведен в исполнение 27 ноября 1937г. В Ленинграде.» See also the web page “Vozvrashchënnyye imena” (Returned names): http://visz.nlr.ru/searchword.php?razdel=1&qs=%F1%EE%ED%E3%E8%ED&ok=%CD%E0%E9%F2%E8„Сонгин Иосиф Владиславович, 1894 г. р., уроженец г. Ростов-на-Дону, поляк, беспартийный, инженер-конструктор завода им. Сталина, проживал: г. Ленинград, Полюстровская наб., д. 25/2, кв. 39. Арестован 4 октября 1937 г. Комиссией НКВД и Прокуратуры СССР 22 ноября 1937 г. приговорен по ст. ст. 58-7-9-11 УК РСФСР к высшей мере наказания. Расстрелян в г. Ленинград 27 ноября 1937 г.”

  26. 26.

    http://lmz-150.ru/content/view/19/43/

  27. 27.

    Information from Nadiya Serikbayevna Sharipova (Надия Серикбаевна Шарипова), Alma-Ata.

  28. 28.

    Sergey Mironovich Kirov (Сергей Миронович Киров) (1886–1934) was a Russian revolutionary and leader of the Communist Party of Leningrad when he was shot in his office in the Smol’nyy Palace in 1934.

  29. 29.

    Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Tarkhān al-Fārābī (c. 872–c. 950) was a universal scholar who has contributed to astronomy, alchemy, physics, psychology, philosophy, etc. (see [63]).

  30. 30.

    Vladimir Andreyevich Zakharov (Владимир Андреевич Захаров) was a student of O. A. Songina and he followed her in 1981 as Chair of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Alma-Ata, keeping that position until 1995.

  31. 31.

    Mariyam Rakhimovna Dausheva (Мариям Рахимовна Даушева) made her PhD with O. A. Songina in 1969, and worked as postdoc in the Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry in Moscow.

  32. 32.

    Mariyam Rakhimovna Dausheva , December 2012.

  33. 33.

    [100], and papers cited there.

  34. 34.

    Personal communication from El'za Arminovna Zakharova (Tomsk).

  35. 35.

    See the special issue (2012) J Solid State Electrochem 16, No 7.

  36. 36.

    The following references are examples of publications of the Lyalikov school: [211–234].

  37. 37.

    Tsentral’naya Laboratoriya Avtomatiki Vsesoyusnogo Nauchno-Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Chёrnoy Metallurgii (VNIIChermet), Central Automatics Lab of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy.

  38. 38.

    I am very indebt to Dr. Grigoriy Matveyevich Tsfasman , son of the elder brother of S. B. Tsfasman for providing biographic details and a photo.

  39. 39.

    “Socialist camp” was used to designate the Socialist States, which have been established following World War II.

  40. 40.

    I bought this radio secondhand for a low price at a commission shop, and it turned out that it had a defective power supply. I rebuilt it for the shortwave bands (13, 16 and 19 m). All Soviet radios started only at the “legitimate” 25 m band, and all Western radio stations could not be received because of active interference stations (so-called glushilka’s).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany

    Fritz Scholz

  2. Prospekt Lenina 43, Kvartir 5, 634034, Tomsk, Russia

    El’za Arminovna Zakharova

  3. Tomsk Polytechnic University, Prospekt Lenina 30, 634050, Tomsk, Russia

    Nina A. Kolpakova

  4. Scientific Research Center “Ruskoe evreystvo v zarubezhe” (“Russian Jewry Abroad”), 6464, Kiryat Ekron, 76 920, Israel

    Julia D. Sister

  5. Scientific Society WiGB, Berlin, Germany

    Victor G. Mairanovsky

  6. Schererstr 4, 13347, Berlin, Germany

    Victor G. Mairanovsky

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  1. Fritz Scholz
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  2. El’za Arminovna Zakharova
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    Fritz Scholz

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Scholz, F., Zakharova, E.A., Kolpakova, N.A., Sister, J.D., Mairanovsky, V.G. (2015). The Development of Voltammetric Electroanalysis in the Former USSR. In: Scholz, F. (eds) Electrochemistry in a Divided World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21221-0_5

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