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Antigenic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum

  • Chapter
Book cover Pathogen-Host Interactions: Antigenic Variation v. Somatic Adaptations

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 57))

Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoan parasite that causes most malaria-associated morbidity and mortality in humans with over 500,000 deaths annually. The disease symptoms are associated with repeated cycles of invasion and asexual multiplication inside red blood cells of the parasite. Partial, non-sterile immunity to P. falciparum malaria develops only after repeated infections and continuous exposure. The successful evasion of the human immune system relies on the large repertoire of antigenically diverse parasite proteins displayed on the red blood cell surface and on the merozoite membrane where they are exposed to the human immune system. Expression switching of these polymorphic proteins between asexual parasite generations provides an efficient mechanism to adapt to the changing environment in the host and to maintain chronic infection. This chapter discusses antigenic diversity and variation in the malaria parasite and our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that direct the expression of these proteins.

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Abbreviations

AMA-1:

Apical membrane antigen 1

ATS:

Acidic terminal sequence

CD36:

Cluster of differentiation 36

CIDR:

Cysteine-rich interdomain region

CM:

Cerebral malaria

COPII:

Coat protein complex II

DBL:

Duffy binding-like

DC:

Domain cassettes

dN/dS:

Non-synonymous/synonymous polymorphism rates (dN/dS)

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EBA:

Erythrocyte-binding antigen

EBL:

Erythrocyte-binding-like

EPCR:

Endothelial protein C receptor

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ETRAMPs:

Early transcribed membrane proteins

exp1:

Exported protein 1

GPI:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

H2A.Z:

Histone 2A.Z

H2B.Z:

Histone 2B.Z

H3K36me3:

Trimethylated histone H3 lysine 36

HB:

Homology blocks

HSP:

Heat shock protein

HT:

Host-targeting signal

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IE:

Infected erythrocyte

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

KAHRP:

Knob-associated histidine-rich protein

LANCL1:

Lantibiotic synthetase component C-like 1

MAHRP2:

Membrane-associated histidine-rich protein 2

MC:

Maurer’s clefts

MSP:

Merozoite surface protein

MSRPs:

Merozoite surface-related proteins

ncRNA:

Non-coding RNA

PECAM1:

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1

PEXEL:

Plasmodium export element

PfEMP1:

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1

PfEMP3:

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 3

PfHP1:

P. falciparum heterochromatin protein 1

PfPTP1:

PfEMP1 trafficking protein 1

PfRh:

Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding homologue

PfRNase II:

Plasmodium falciparum ribonuclease II

PfSBP1:

Plasmodium falciparum skeleton-binding protein 1

PfSIP2:

Plasmodium falciparum SPE2-interacting protein

PTEX:

Plasmodium translocon complex

PV:

Parasitophorous vacuole

PVM:

Parasitophorous vacuole membrane

RBC:

Red blood cell

RBPs:

Reticulocyte-binding proteins

RESA:

Ring-infected erythrocyte surface protein

rif:

Repetitive interspersed family

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SPE2:

Subtelomeric var promoter element 2

stevor:

Subtelomeric open reading frame

TARE:

Telomere-associated repeat element

TRX2:

Thioredoxin-2

VSA:

Variant surface antigen

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  1. Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Michaela Petter & Michael F. Duffy

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  1. Michaela Petter
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  1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA

    Ellen Hsu

  2. Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Louis Du Pasquier

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Petter, M., Duffy, M.F. (2015). Antigenic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum . In: Hsu, E., Du Pasquier, L. (eds) Pathogen-Host Interactions: Antigenic Variation v. Somatic Adaptations. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 57. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_3

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