Abstract
(a) Portrait of Arago, Wikimedia Commons, Kelson
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Notes
- 1.
*Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 1, p. 1–102.
- 2.
* Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 12, p. 548–533.
- 3.
This letter has unfortunately disappeared.
- 4.
*Hamy (1907), Lettre XI, p. 29–36.
- 5.
Ibid., Lettre XXXVII (1833), p. 126–133.
- 6.
Ibid., Note after Lettre LXX (1841).
- 7.
From *Humboldt (1846–1851).
- 8.
Laplace was elected at the Academy in 1773 as “adjoint mécanicien”, aged 24. He became a member of the Institut de France at its creation in 1795.
- 9.
Dupont (2000) p. 1–101.
- 10.
Several editions in *Annuaire du Bureau des longitudes for 1829, 1830 and 1837. The last one is reproduced in *Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 5, p. 1–116.
- 11.
*Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences 24, p. I–CLVII, also in *Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 2, p. 427–592.
- 12.
For the travels in 1816 and 1834, see *Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences 13 (1832) p. LVII–CV, also *Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 1 p. 241–294. In Scotland, Arago met Lord Henry Brougham (1778–1868), a conservative amateur scientist, specialist of light, with whom he had stormy relations about scientific priority.
- 13.
See *Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 7 p. 530–547.
- 14.
*Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 1, p. 107–185.
- 15.
Cited by Sarda (2000) p. 112.
- 16.
*Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 12, p. 589–614.
- 17.
The Convention nationale governed France from September 1792 to October 1795, during the French Revolution. Elected by universal franchise, it proposed a very democratic constitution, but this constitution was never applied. From October 1793 to July 1794, a regime of terror took place, followed by a strong reaction. Nevertheless, the Convention decided, especially during this last period, of the creation of several great schools, of the Bureau des Longitudes, of the Museum of Natural History, of the Conservatory of Music, and created the metric system of units.
- 18.
Allusion to what occurred in France in 1815 during the fall of Napoléon.
- 19.
Charles Fourier (1772–1837), not to be confused with the physicist Joseph Fourier, was a utopian. Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825), was an economist who was very influential for the development of the industrial society in France. Gracchus Babeuf (1760–1797) was the first revolutionary communist.
- 20.
See the biography of Libri by Mostert (1995).
- 21.
Arago and the daughter of Condorcet together published the works of the latter.
- 22.
The history of the 1848 Revolution is the subject of a book by Daniel Stern, pseudonym of Marie d’Agoult (1805–1876), a mistress of Liszt and mother of Cosima Wagner: Histoire de la revolution de 1848 (1850–1853), Paris, Sandré, 3 vol; the 1869 illustrated edition is accessible via http://gallica.bnf.fr
- 23.
Cited by Sarda (2000) p. 286.
- 24.
Still the motto of the French Republic.
- 25.
He was then replaced by General Cavaignac.
- 26.
Cited by Sarda (2000) p. 287.
- 27.
Hugo (1848) p. 582.
- 28.
*Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. Tables, p. VII–CCLXIII.
- 29.
*Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 10, p. 168–183.
- 30.
*Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des sciences, 36 (1853) p. 38–49. Also *Arago, F. Œuvres complètes, t. 7, p. 548–568.
- 31.
*Hamy (1907), lettre CVII p. 294–306 and CVIII, p. 306–308.
- 32.
- 33.
*Hugo (1863a) p. 206–208.
- 34.
Hugo generally called Napoléon III, that he hated, « Napoléon le petit », by contrast with Napoléon I.
- 35.
*Hamy (1907), lettre CXX p. 341–343.
- 36.
Cited by Sarda (2000) p. 324.
References
Daumas, M. (1987) Arago, La jeunesse de la science, 2e édition, Paris, Belin, Collection Un savant, une époque.
Sarda, F. (2000) Les Arago: François et les autres, Paris, Taillandier.
Hugo, V. (1848) Choses vues, rééd. Gallimard, Paris (2002).
*Hugo, V. (1863a) Napoléon le petit, W. Jeffs, Londres.
*Humboldt, A. de (1846-1851) Cosmos, Essai d’une description physique du monde, traduit par H. Faye et Ch. Galusky, 4 vol., Gide et Baudry, Paris.
Dupont, J.-Y. (2000) Le cours de machines de l’École polytechnique, de sa création jusqu’en 1850, SABIX (Bulletin de la Société des Amis de la Bibliothèque de l’École polytechnique) N° 25, p. 1-101.
Mostert, M. (1995) The life and times of Guglielmo Libri, 1802-1869, Verloren Pub.
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Lequeux, J. (2016). The Life of Arago. In: François Arago. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 421. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20723-0_2
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