Skip to main content

Regional Dynamics of Fragile States: Zimbabwe in the Southern Africa Region

  • Chapter
State Fragility and State Building in Africa

Part of the book series: United Nations University Series on Regionalism ((UNSR,volume 10))

  • 769 Accesses

Abstract

Whilst there are many studies that document and analyze the nature and extent of fragility and state building at country levels, little attention is paid to the linkages within a regional context. This chapter interrogates the nature of fragility in Zimbabwe, its linkages, and implications for its neighbours within the Southern African region. It uses the regional linkage analytical framework to understand the fragility dimensions. The chapter argues that internal action clusters in a fragile state have a tendency to link and establish similar clusters in the neighbourhood and that fragility is not only about the actions of state actors inside Zimbabwe but also about actions and perceptions by external actors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agaspar, A. (2003). Mozambique’s experience of the Zimbabwean crisis (AISA research paper, No. 68, pp. 47–52). Effects of the Zimbabwean crisis on SADC: The cases of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Mozambique.

    Google Scholar 

  • AISA. (2003). Executive summary. In AISA Research paper No. 68, Effects of the Zimbabwean Crisis on SADC: The Cases of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Mozambique, pp. vi-vii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International Report. (2008). The state of the world’s human rights. London: Amnesty International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakrania, S., & Lucas, B. (2009). The impact of the financial crisis on conflict and state fragility in sub Saharan Africa, Issues Paper: The Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowie, N., & Cartalucci, T. (2012). War on Syria: Gateway to WWIII. Impressum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. International Affairs, 67(3), 431–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buzan, B., et al. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, R. (2002). Zimbabwe-permanent crisis? Writenet paper No. 09. Geneva: UNHCR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cawthra, G. (2010). The role of SADC in managing political crisis and conflict: The case Madagascar and Zimbabwe. In S. Field (Ed.), Peace in Africa: Towards a collaborative security regime. Johannesburg: Institute for Global Dialogue.

    Google Scholar 

  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (2012). World fact book and other sources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chauvet, L., & Collier, P. (2004). Development effectiveness in fragile states: Spillovers and turnarounds. Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitiyo, K. (2009). The case for security sector reform in Zimbabwe. www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Zimbabwe_SSR_Report.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2013.

  • COMESA. (2009). Fact sheet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Commercial Farmers Union of Zimbabwe. (2012). Investment climate in Zimbabwe. Harare: Commercial Farmers Union of Zimbabwe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Country Indicators of Foreign Policy. (2008). CIFP fragility index. Canada: Carleton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily News. (2008, August 15). Zimbabwe: Botswana boycotts summit over Mugabe. Daily News.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels in Southall., & Melber, H. (2008). A new scramble for Africa? Imperialism investment and development. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, J., & Nompumelelo, B. (2009). South Africa: Still a formidable player. In R. Southall & H. Melber (Eds.), A new scramble for Africa: Imperialism, investment and development. South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dansereau, et al. (2005). Multilevel issues in strategy and methods. Volume 4 of Multilevel Research issues. Elsevier: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economist Intelligence Unit. (2008). Democracy in stagnation. The Economist Intelligence Unit’s democracy index of 2008. Impressum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economist Intelligence Unit. (2010, April). Country report: Zimbabwe. Retrieved from Economist Intelligence Unit database.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011). Democracy under stress. Economist Intelligence Unit democracy index of 2011. Impressum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fragile State Index. (2008). Foreign policy and fund for peace. library.fundforpeace.org/library/fragilestatesindex-2008

  • Guy, A. (2005). Africa: A modern history. Londan: Atlantic Books Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habasonda, L. M. (2012). The impact of personality on foreign policy: The case of Zambia towards Zimbabwe, a discussion paper, for political science students at UNZA, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hentz, J. (2007). Wars across states: Regional conflict and state collapse in Africa. Chicago: Mimeo, International Studies Association. Conference paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, J., & Grudz, S. (2008). The African peer review mechanism: Lessons from the pioneers. Johannesburg: South African Institute for International Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch Report Zimbabwe. (2008a, April 25). Surge in state sponsored violence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch Report Zimbabwe. (2008b, November 8). Our hands are tied: Erosion of the rule of law in Zimbabwe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch. (2009). Report

    Google Scholar 

  • IDASA. (2011). Zimbabwe crisis: Opportunities for reform – Idasa mobi. m.idasa.org/resources/output/zimbabwe_crisis_opportunities

  • ISS. (2008). Justice and peace in a new Zimbabwe transitional justice options. Pretoria: ISS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the security dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambach, D. (2004). The perils of weakness: Failed states and perceptions of threat in Europe and Australia. Paper presented at the New Security Agendas: European and Australian Perspectives conference, King’s College, London, 1–3 July 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambach, D., & Debiel, T. (Eds.). (2007). State failure revisited I: Globalization of security and neighborhood effects (INEF report, 87/2007). Duisburg: Institute for Development and Peace, University of Duisburg-Essen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindley, A. (2009). Between “dirty money” and “development capital”: Somali money transfer infrastructure under global scrutiny. African Affairs, 108, 519–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, P. D. (2003). Somalia: Economy without state. Oxford: International African Institute in association with James Currey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makochekanwa, A. (2009). State fragility: Zimbabwe’s horrific journey in the new millennium. New faces for African development, poster session at the ERD conference, Accra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maphosa Trust. (2011). Arms transfer to Zimbabwe?

    Google Scholar 

  • Mlambo, A. S. (2009). Makwerekwere go back to where you came from: Thoughts about the recent xenophobic riots in SA. Paper presented to the history seminar, University of Sheffield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mlambo, A., & Raftopoulos, B. (2010). Election processes, liberation movements and democratic change in Africa. Conference, Maputo, 8–11 Apr 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molomo, M. (2003). Botswana and the Zimbabwean crisis (AISA research paper, No. 68, pp. 15–25). Effects of the Zimbabwean crisis on SADC: The cases of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Mozambique.

    Google Scholar 

  • North–South Institute. (2012). Fragile and conflict affected states. Canada: Ottawa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. (2003). Dynamics of the Zimbabwe crisis in the 21st century. Africa Journal on Conflict Resolution, 3(1), 99–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2008). Concepts and dilemmas of state building in fragile situations: From fragility to resilience. OECD Journal on Development, 9(3), 61–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • OSISA. (2011). http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/sup_files/chapter_5_-_Zimbabwe.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2013.

  • Packard, G. (2003). Botswana deports 26,000 Zimbabweans. New York Amsterdam News, 94(30), 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polgreen, L. (2012). Zimbabwe land takeover, a golden lining. New York Times, p. 9, Impressum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, S. E., & Patrick, S. (2008). Index of State Weakness in the developing world. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution and Centre for Global and Economic Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southall, R., & Melber, H. (2009). A new scramble for Africa? Imperialism investment and development. Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southern Africa Development Community Tribunal-SADCT. (2008). Mike Campbell (Pvt) Ltd and others v Republic of Zimbabwe. www.saflii.org/databases.html

  • Southern African Litigation Centre-SALC. (2010). Annual Report

    Google Scholar 

  • Southern Africa Report. (2011). www.allafrica.com/stories. Accessed 23 Feb 2013.

  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Yearbook. (2012). Armaments, disarmament and international security. www.sipri.org/yearbook/2012

  • Studdard, K. (2004). War economies in a regional context overcoming the challenges of transformation (IPA policy report). New York: International Peace Academy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunday Tribune. (2007). Sudanese officials caution china on oil investment. South Africa: Sunday Tribune.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Telegraph. (2008). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/2586928/Levy-Mwanawasa.html. Accessed 18 Feb 2013.

  • The Zimbabwean. (2013). 20 Sept 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner Victor Ben. (2008). Is Zimbabwe a failed state? Fund for peace and the failed state index.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of Witwatersrand. (December 2009). Forced Migration Studies Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verdier, T. (2009). Regional Integration, fragility and institutional building: An analytical framework applied to the African context, EUI working papers: RSC, European University Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volker, B., et al. (2008). On hybrid political orders and emerging states: State formation in the context of fragility (Berghof handbook dialogue, No. 8). Berghof Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, S. (2008). State failure in a regional context. England: University of Bath.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2008). http://blogs.worldbank.org/…/Zimbabwe’s-economic-crisis-will-adopting-f. Accessed 20 Feb 2013.

  • World Bank. (2012). www.worldbank.org. Accessed Feb 2013.

  • Zambia Foreign Policy and Government Guide. (2011). Strategic information and developments (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: International Business Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • ZHWO (Zimbabwe Health Workforce Observatory). (2009). Human resources for health country profile. Geneva: World Health Organization. Last accessed August 8, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoellick, R. (2009). Fragile states: Securing development. Survival, 50(6), 67–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lee M. Habasonda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Habasonda, L.M. (2016). Regional Dynamics of Fragile States: Zimbabwe in the Southern Africa Region. In: Olowu, D., Chanie, P. (eds) State Fragility and State Building in Africa. United Nations University Series on Regionalism, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20642-4_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics