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Protein Transport Across Membranes

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Fundamentals of Protein Structure and Function

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Abstract

Mitochondria contain their own DNA, they divide throughout interphase and are distributed randomly between daughter cells during cell division. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and produced in the cytosol. They are then imported into the mitochondria via the TOM/TIM transport system, which recognises them by a specific localisation sequence which is cleaved off once a protein has entered a mitochondrium. Mitochondrial lipids are made by the ER. Similar pathways exist for plastids, peroxisomes and nucleus. However, nuclear transport sequences are not removed after transport as the nuclear membrane breaks down during mitosis, releasing nuclear proteins into the cytosol. They need to be reimported afterwards. Insertion of proteins into the ER occurs cotranslationally. While they are transported into the ER, proteins are glycosylated. The oligosaccharides added to Thr or Ser or Hyl (O-linked) are simple, but some are important as blood group antigens. Very complex sugar trees are added to Asn (N-linked). These trees play an important role in the quality control of the ER, which prevents the production of misfolded proteins. Additional sugar residues are added during the protein’s passage through the Golgi apparatus.

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  1. Kevelaer, Germany

    Engelbert Buxbaum

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Buxbaum, E. (2015). Protein Transport Across Membranes. In: Fundamentals of Protein Structure and Function. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19920-7_16

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