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Quantification of Noble Metals in Biological and Environmental Samples

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Handbook of Trace Analysis

Abstract

Noble metals consist of six elements from the eighth group of the periodic table: ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt) (also known as platinum group metals [PGMs]), and gold (Au). Attractive physical and chemical properties of the metals, such as exceptional stability, hardness, malleability, electrical resistance, inertness to chemical attacks, and excellent catalytic activity, have resulted in their wide application, for example, as catalysts in various chemical processes; in autocatalysts (catalytic converters for vehicles); in electrical, electronic, and glass industries; in jewelry and investment [1]. PGMs are extensively used as the components of automobile catalysts (50.4 % of all uses in 2012 [2]). Confirmed release of ultratraces of these metals during vehicle operation as a result of thermal and mechanical abrasion of the catalysts is their source in the environment [2–10]. Medical application of some noble metal compounds is the second (after autocatalysts) anthropogenic source of these metals in the environment [11–13]. Since 1978 (date of the introduction of cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), to chemotherapy as an effective anticancer agent), numerous different complexes of platinum and other noble metal compounds have been extensively examined for anticancer activity [14–26]. Some of the second-generation compounds of Pt (carboplatin and oxaliplatin) have received worldwide approval for routine medical treatment, and some (lobaplatin, nedaplatin, and heptaplatin) are locally approved (in China, Japan, and South Korea, respectively). Cisplatin is still a leading drug, being used in 50–70 % of all anticancer chemotherapeutic treatments [17, 19]. There are numerous other metal compounds currently under clinical trial, and some Ru-based complexes seem promising because of improved antitumor activity and fewer side effects compared with cisplatin [15–18, 21–23, 25, 26].

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Acknowledgements

Financial support of the work by the Warsaw University of Technology is kindly acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

    Maria Balcerzak

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  1. Maria Balcerzak
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  1. Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry & Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

    Irena Baranowska

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Balcerzak, M. (2016). Quantification of Noble Metals in Biological and Environmental Samples. In: Baranowska, I. (eds) Handbook of Trace Analysis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19614-5_13

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