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Biodiversity Conservation with Special Reference to Medicinal Climbers: Present Scenario, Challenges, Strategies, and Policies

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Book cover Biotechnological strategies for the conservation of medicinal and ornamental climbers

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Abstract

Climbing plants typically contribute 2–15 % of the leaf biomass and about 5 % of the wood biomass to forests. In India, they are widely distributed from Nilgiris to Himalayas to Andaman Nicobar Islands. Phylogenetically, climbers are found in over 125 families of flowering plants as well as among several fern groups and even in one significant gymnosperm genus, Gnetum. They are largely used by all divisions of the population either directly as folk medications or indirectly in the preparation of recent pharmaceuticals. Climbers also play a vital role in horticulture and agriculture. Thus, people depend on climbers for several purposes like for medications, non-timber forest products, food, etc. Nowadays, plant-based pharmaceutical industries have been increased due to various advantages of plant-based medicine over the synthetic ones. Wild plants are the good source to provide the raw materials for such industries. Unfortunately, a huge number of medicinal climbers have been listed in Red Data Book and are on the verge of extinction due to unsustainable collection of plants, habitat loss, climate change, and industrialization coupled with urbanization. Thus, biodiversity conservation is an utmost concern globally. Various strategies are in use for biodiversity conservation such as in situ strategy, ex situ strategy, reduction of anthropogenic pressures, and rehabilitation of threatened species. Protection and preservation of germplasm within national parks, biosphere reserves, and sanctuaries are the examples of in situ conservation. However, it is not an effective means of conservation. In this regard, biotechnological approach like plant tissue culture technique proved to be fruitful. Plant tissue culture can be applied to the rapid propagation and ex situ conservation of rare, endemic, and endangered medicinal plants as explained by several authorities. Other modern biotechnological tools, including cryopreservation techniques, DNA fingerprinting, and bioreactor-mediated bio-production of phytochemicals, are mostly relevant in this context. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in force since 1992, is the major international conservation convention. The global strategy for conservation of plants was adopted with the intention to harmonize with existing international initiatives addressing various aspects of plant conservation.

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Shiwali Sharma is thankful to DST for the award of Young Scientist under Fast Track Scheme, SERB (vide no. SB/FT/LS-364/2012) for providing research assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Biotechnology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202 002, India

    Shiwali Sharma

  2. Department of Botany, Tikaram Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Aligarh, 202 001, UP, India

    Rekha Arya

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  1. Shiwali Sharma
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  2. Rekha Arya
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Correspondence to Rekha Arya .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Biotechnology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Anwar Shahzad

  2. Plant Biotechnology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Shiwali Sharma

  3. Plant Biotechnology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Saeed A. Siddiqui

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Sharma, S., Arya, R. (2016). Biodiversity Conservation with Special Reference to Medicinal Climbers: Present Scenario, Challenges, Strategies, and Policies. In: Shahzad, A., Sharma, S., Siddiqui, S. (eds) Biotechnological strategies for the conservation of medicinal and ornamental climbers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19288-8_2

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