Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Obesity

  • Chapter
Pediatric Endocrinology

  • 1875 Accesses

Abstract

Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder of children in the USA, a remarkable change from the prominent place of malnutrition due to deficient caloric intake in childhood in the past. Surgeons in general have designated childhood obesity as an epidemic in the USA. A threefold increase in the prevalence of a body mass index (BMI) greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender in children aged 6–11 years occurred between the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation II (1976–1980) and 2004. This trend in most groups has leveled off since 2004 and a significant decrease in obesity was reported for 2- to 5-year-old children from 13.9 to 8.4 % between 2008 and 2012. At ages 2–19 the prevalence is about 17 % (or 12.7 million).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Readings

  1. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311(1):74–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Skinner AC, Skelton JA. Prevalence and trends in obesity and severe obesity among children in the United States, 1999–2012. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(6):561–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Reyman M, Verrijn Stuart AA, van Summeren M, Rakhshandehroo M, Nuboer R, de Boer FK, van den Ham HJ, Kalkhoven E, Prakken B, Schipper HS. Vitamin D deficiency in childhood obesity is associated with high levels of circulating inflammatory mediators, and low insulin sensitivity. Int J Obes. 2014;38(1):46–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Oakley CB, Scher AI, Recober A, Peterlin BL. Headache and obesity in the pediatric population. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(5):416.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Nogueira RC, Weeks BK, Beck BR. Exercise to improve pediatric bone and fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(3):610–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, Mullany EC, Biryukov S, Abbafati C, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Achoki T, AlBuhairan FS, Alemu ZA, Alfonso R, Ali MK, Ali R, Guzman NA, Ammar W, Anwari P, Banerjee A, Barquera S, Basu S, Bennett DA, Bhutta Z, Blore J, Cabral N, Nonato IC, Chang J-C, Chowdhury R, Courville KJ, Criqui MH, Cundiff DK, Dabhadkar KC, Dandona L, Davis A, Dayama A, Dharmaratne SD, Ding EL, Durrani AM, Esteghamati A, Farzadfar F, Fay DFJ, Feigin VL, Flaxman A, Forouzanfar MH, Goto A, Green MA, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hankey GJ, Harewood HC, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hernandez L, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Ikeda N, Islami F, Jahangir E, Jassal SK, Jee SH, Jeffreys M, Jonas JB, Kabagambe EK, Khalifa SEAH, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khang Y-H, Kim D, Kimokoti RW, Kinge JM, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Kwan G, Lai T, Leinsalu M, Li Y, Liang X, Liu S, Logroscino G, Lotufo PA, Lu Y, Ma J, Mainoo NK, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Mokdad AH, Moschandreas J, Naghavi M, Naheed A, Nand D, Narayan KMV, Nelson EL, Neuhouser ML, Nisar MI, Ohkubo T, Oti SO, Pedroza A, Prabhakaran D, Roy N, Sampson U, Seo H, Sepanlou SG, Shibuya K, Shiri R, Shiue I, Singh GM, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Stapelberg NJC, Sturua L, Sykes BL, Tobias M, Tran BX, Trasande L, Toyoshima H, van de Vijver S, Vasankari TJ, Veerman JL, Velasquez-Melendez G, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wang C, Wang X, Weiderpass E, Werdecker A, Wright JL, Yang YC, Yatsuya H, Yoon J, Yoon S-J, Zhao Y, Zhou M, Zhu S, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, Gakidou E. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Kelly AS, Dengel DR, Hodges J, Zhang L, Moran A, Chow L, Sinaiko AR, Steinberger J. The relative contributions of the abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat depots to cardiometabolic risk in youth. Clin Obes. 2014;4(2):101–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Katzmarzyk PT, Barlow S, Bouchard C, Catalano PM, Hsia DS, Inge TH, Lovelady C, Raynor H, Redman LM, Staiano AE, Spruijt-Metz D, Symonds ME, Vickers M, Wilfley D, Yanovski JA. An evolving scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity. Int J Obes. 2014;38(7):887–905.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G, Obesity S. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2985–3023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Garcia-Hermoso A, Saavedra JM, Escalante Y, Sanchez-Lopez M, Martinez-Vizcaino V. Endocrinology and adolescence: aerobic exercise reduces insulin resistance markers in obese youth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(4):R163–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ. Low sensitivity of the metabolic syndrome to identify adolescents with impaired glucose tolerance: an analysis of NHANES 1999-2010. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13:83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Courcoulas AP, Yanovski SZ, Bonds D, Eggerman TL, Horlick M, Staten MA, Arterburn DE. Long-term outcomes of bariatric surgery: A National Institutes of Health Symposium. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(12):1323–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bosch TA, Dengel DR, Kelly AS, Sinaiko AR, Moran A, Steinberger J. Visceral adipose tissue measured by DXA correlates with measurement by CT and is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Pediatric Obesity. 2014 Jun;10(3):172–9.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Weintraub Y, Singer S, Alexander D, Hacham S, Menuchin G, Lubetzky R, Steinberg DM, Pinhas-Hamiel O. Enuresis–an unattended comorbidity of childhood obesity. Int J Obes. 2013;37(1):75–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sherafat-Kazemzadeh R, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Pharmacotherapy for childhood obesity: present and future prospects. Int J Obes. 2013;37(1):1–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sbruzzi G, Eibel B, Barbiero SM, Petkowicz RO, Ribeiro RA, Cesa CC, Martins CC, Marobin R, Schaan CW, Souza WB, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC. Educational interventions in childhood obesity: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Prev Med. 2013;56(5):254–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Huang JS, Barlow SE, Quiros-Tejeira RE, Scheimann A, Skelton J, Suskind D, Tsai P, Uko V, Warolin JP, Xanthakos SA. Childhood obesity for pediatric gastroenterologists. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(1):99–109.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Hoelscher DM, Kirk S, Ritchie L, Cunningham-Sabo L, Academy Positions Committee. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: interventions for the prevention and treatment of pediatric overweight and obesity. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(10):1375–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Flynn J. The changing face of pediatric hypertension in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(7):1059–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. D’Adamo E, Santoro N, Caprio S. Metabolic syndrome in pediatrics: old concepts revised, new concepts discussed. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2013;43(5):114–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cote AT, Harris KC, Panagiotopoulos C, Sandor GG, Devlin AM. Childhood obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(15):1309–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cohen AK, Rai M, Rehkopf DH, Abrams B. Educational attainment and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14(12):989–1005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Cockrell Skinner A, Foster EM. Systems science and childhood obesity: a systematic review and new directions. J Obes. 2013;2013:129193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cook S, Kavey RE. Dyslipidemia and pediatric obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2011;58(6):1363–73. 6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Kelly AS, Jacobs Jr DR, Sinaiko AR, Moran A, Steffen LM, Steinberger J. Relation of circulating oxidized LDL to obesity and insulin resistance in children. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11(8):552–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Fernandez JR, Redden DT, Pietrobelli A, Allison DB. Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African-American, European-American, and Mexican-American children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2004;145(4):439–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Weiss R, Lustig RH. Chapter 22 - Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and disorders of energy balance. In: Sperling MA, editor. Pediatric endocrinology. 4th ed. 2014. p. 956–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Levy-Marchal C, Arslanian S, Cutfield W, Sinaiko A, Druet C, Marcovecchio ML, Chiarelli F. Insulin resistance in children: consensus, perspective, and future directions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(12):5189–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Ingelfinger JR. Clinical practice. The child or adolescent with elevated blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(24):2316–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Inge TH, Krebs NF, Garcia VF, Skelton JA, Guice KS, Strauss RS, Albanese CT, Brandt ML, Hammer LD, Harmon CM, Kane TD, Klish WJ, Oldham KT, Rudolph CD, Helmrath MA, Donovan E, Daniels SR. Bariatric surgery for severely overweight adolescents: concerns and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):217–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. de Franca GV A, Restrepo-Mendez MC, Loret de Mola C, Victora CG. Size at birth and abdominal adiposity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2014;15(2):77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Diesel JC, Eckhardt CL, Day NL, Brooks MM, Arslanian SA, Bodnar LM. Is gestational weight gain associated with offspring obesity at 36 months? Pediatr Obes. 2015 Aug;10(4):305–10.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gillman MW, Ludwig DS. How early should obesity prevention start? N Engl J Med. 2013;369(23):2173–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hanson MA, Gluckman PD. Developmental origins of health and disease - Global public health implications. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;29(1):24–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. van Dijk SJ, Molloy PL, Varinli H, Muhlhausler BS, members of Epi S. Epigenetics and human obesity. Int J Obes. 2015;39(1):85–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Dabelea D, Crume T. Maternal environment and the transgenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes. 2011;60(7):1849–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128 Suppl 5:S213–56.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Barlow SE. Committee at E. Expert Committee Recommendations Regarding the Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120(Supplement 4):S164–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M, Arslanian S, Wong G, Bennett P, Shaw J, Caprio S. IDF Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents - an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007 Oct;8(5):299–306.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Schwimmer JB, Deutsch R, Kahen T, Lavine JE, Stanley C, Behling C. Prevalence of fatty liver in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1388–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gabbert C, Donohue M, Arnold J, Schwimmer JB. Adenovirus 36 and obesity in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010;126(4):721–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Inge TH, Courcoulas AP, Jenkins TM, Michalsky MP, Helmrath MA, Brandt ML, Harmon CM, Zeller MH, Chen MK, Xanthakos SA, Horlick M, Buncher CR; Teen-LABS Consortium. Weight Loss and Health Status 3 Years after Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2015 Nov 6.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Evidence Analysis Library Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. http://www.andeal.org/search.cfm?.

  45. Klish WJ. Definition; epidemiology; and etiology of obesity in children and adolescents. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/definition-epidemiology-and-etiology-of-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents.

  46. Klish WJ. Clinical evaluation of the obese child and adolescent. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-evaluation-of-the-obese-child-and-adolescent.

  47. Klish WJ. Comorbidities and complications of obesity in children and adolescents. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/comorbidities-and-complications-of-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents.

  48. Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):485–93.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA

    Dennis M. Styne (Pediatrics)

Authors
  1. Dennis M. Styne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Styne, D.M. (2016). Obesity. In: Pediatric Endocrinology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18371-8_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18371-8_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18370-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18371-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation