Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Tropical Agriculture: Current Uses and Their Future in Venezuela

  • Chapter
Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests

Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

In Venezuela, agricultural pest control is very frequently done using chemical products in indiscriminate manners, with adverse effects to human health and the environment. Thank to technological advances, today it is possible to identify chemical residues in food which were undetected in the past (Mol et al., 2008). For that reason, we can assume that the ingestion of fresh and processed vegetables and fruits which were considered innocuous in the past, could be affecting the consumers health. In fact, more than 1,500 chemical poisoning cases due to pesticides were reported in 2011 in the country (MPPS, 2011). Cholinesterase levels in blood have been correlated with poisoning due to organophosphate pesticides; in 2003, a study with a farmer community at Falcón State, indicated 60 % of poisoning in the whole population (Zamora, 2003).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aime, M. C., & Phillips-Mora, W. (2005). The causal agents of witches’ broom and frosty pod rot of cacao (chocolate, Theobroma cacao) form a new lineage of Marasmiaceae. Mycologia, 97, 1012–1022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akhurst, R. J. (1982). Antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Journal of General Microbiology, 128, 3061–3065.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari, M. A., Evans, M., & Butt, T. M. (2009). Identification of pathogenic strains of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for wireworm control. Crop Protection, 28, 269–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballou, C. H. (1941). Notas sobre la introducción de un predator para el control de la escama algodonosa del naranjo. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales, 7, 121–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbercheck, M. E., Wang, J., & Hirsh, I. S. (1995). Host plant effect on entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 66, 169–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barsics, F., Haubruge, E., & Verheggen, F. J. (2013). Wireworms’ management: An overview of the existing methods, with particular regards to Agriotes spp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Insects, 4, 117–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bastidas, B., Portillo, P., & San-Blas, E. (2014). Size does matter: The life cycle of Steinernema spp. in micro–insect hosts. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 121, 46–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beets, W. C. (1990). Raising and sustaining productivity of smallholder farming systems in the tropics. Alkmaar, Holland: AgBé Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boscán, N. (1987). Las moscas de las frutas del género Anastrepha en Venezuela. FONAIAP Divulga, 23, 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boscán, N., & Godoy, F. (1995). Nuevos parasitoides de moscas de las frutas de los géneros Anastrepha y Ceratitis en Venezuela. Agronomía Tropical, 46, 465–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Böszörményi, E., Érsek, T., Fodor, A., Fodor, A. M., Földes, L. S., Hevesi, M., et al. (2009). Isolation and activity of Xenorhabdus antimicrobial compounds against the plant pathogens Erwinia amylovora and Phytophthora nicotianae. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 746–759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carballo, J. (2001). Diagnosis y clave pictórica para las especies del género Anastrepha Schiner, 1868 (Diptera: Tephritidae) de importancia económica en Venezuela. Entomotropica, 16, 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., Dunphy, G. B., & Webster, J. M. (1994). Antifungal activity of two Xenorhabdus species and Photorhabdus luminescens, bacteria associated with the nematodes Steinernema species and Heterorhabditis megidis. Biological Control, 4, 157–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chirinos, D., & Geraud-Pouey, F. (1996). Efecto de algunos insecticidas sobre entomofauna del cultivo del tomate, en el noreste del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Interciencia, 21, 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chirinos, D., & Geraud-Pouey, F. (2011). El manejo de plagas agrícolas en Venezuela. análisis y reflexiones sobre algunos casos. Interciencia, 36, 192–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corzo, P. (2000). Situación de la fruticultura a nivel regional. 1er encuentro regional sobre fruticultura (Proceedings) (pp. 8–11). FONAIAL-LUZ-CORPOZULIA, Santa Cruz de Mara, Estado Zulia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgington, S., Buddie, A. G., Moore, D., France, A., Merino, L., Tymo, L. M., et al. (2010). Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in Chile. Nematology, 12, 915–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, R. U., Lunau, S., Krasomil-Osterfeld, K., & Osterfeld, K. H. (1998). Liquid culture of the entomopathogenic nematode bacterium–complex Heterorhabditis megidis/Photorhabdus luminescens. BioControl, 43, 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, R. U., & Shapiro-Ilan, D. I. (2005). Mass production. In P. S. Grewal, R. U. Ehler, & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan (Eds.), Nematode as biological control agent (pp. 65–78). Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eidt, D. C., & Thurston, G. S. (1995). Physical deterrents to infection by entomopathogenic nematodes in wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and other soil insects. Canadian Entomologist, 127, 423–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, X., Maggiorani, A., & Gudiño, S. (2000). Uso de nemátodos entomopatógenos como una alternativa en el control de polilla (Tecia solanivora), importante plaga de la papa (Solanum tuberosum). Mérida–Venezuela. Revista Forestal Venezolana, 44, 115–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández, S., & Cordero, J. (2005). Evaluación de atrayentes alcohólicos en trampas artesanales para el monitoreo y control de la broca del café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). Bioagro, 17, 143–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer, F. (2001). Biological control of agricultural insect pests in Venezuela; advances, achievements, and future perspectives. Biocontrol News and Information, 22, 67N–74N.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer, F., Arias, M., Trelles, A., Palencia, G., Navarro, J. M., & Colmenárez, R. (2004). Posibilidades del uso de nematodos entomopatógenos para el control de Aeneolamia varia en caña de azúcar. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecología, 72, 39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. (2002). N° 37.552. Retrieved from: http://www.tsj.gov.ve/gaceta/octubre/181002/181002–37552–01.html.

  • Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. (2008). N° 5.890 Extraordinario. Retrieved from: http://www.mat.gob.ve/legislacion/5890.pdf.

  • García-Caicedo, M., Torres, A., & Ochoa, A. (2013). Evaluación de nematodos entomopatógenos para el control del picudo de la piña en el estado Táchira, Venezuela. Agronomía Tropical, 63, 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaugler, R., Brown, I., Shapiro-Ilan, D., & Atwa, A. (2002). Automated technology for in vivo mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biological Control, 24, 199–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgis, R. (2002). The Biosys experiment: An insider’s perspective. In R. Gaugler (Ed.), Entomopathogenic nematology (pp. 357–372). Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Geraud-Pouey, F., Chirinos, D., & Rivero, G. (1997). Dinámica poblacional del pasador de la hoja Liriomyza spp., Diptera: Agromyzidae en tomate, en la región noroccidental del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía LUZ, 14, 475–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • González, M. (2012). Aspectos medio ambientales asociados a los procesos de la industria láctea. Mundo Pecuario, 8, 16–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guédez, C., Castillo, C., Cañizales, L., & Olivar, R. (2008). Control biológico: una herramienta para el desarrollo sustentable y sostenible. Academia, 13, 50–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillén, L., Alcalá de, M. D., Fernández, S., Pire, A., & Álvarez, C. (2008). Farmer’s perception on the integrated pest management in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) crop. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía LUZ, 25, 223–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helyer, N. L., Brobyn, P. J., Richardson, P. N., & Edmondson, R. N. (1995). Control of Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) pupae in compost. Annals of Applied Biology, 127, 405–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, D., Ferrer, F., & Linares, B. (1989). Introducción de Telenomas remus Nixon (Hym.: Scelionidae) para controlar Spodoptera frugiperda (Lep.: Noctuidae) en Yaritagua, Venezuela. Agronomía Tropical, 39, 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernández, O. V., & Morales, V. P. (2004). Distribución geográfica y plantas hospederas de Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 43, 181–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Immaraju, J. A., Paine, T. D., Bethke, J. A., Robb, K. L., & Newman, J. P. (1992). Western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) resistance to insecticides in coastal California greenhouses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85, 9–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagdale, G. B., & Grewal, P. S. (2003). Acclimation of entomopathogenic nematodes to novel temperatures: Trehalose accumulation and the acquisition of thermotolerance. International Journal for Parasitology, 33, 145–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katiyar, K. P., Camacho, J., Geraud, F., & Matheus, R. (1995). Hymenopterous parasitoids of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in western Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía LUZ, 12, 303–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Nuñez, J. C., Cano, L., Góngora-Botero, C. E., & Stock, S. P. (2007). Diversity and evolutionary relationships of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from the Central Andean region of Colombia. Nematology, 9, 333–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier, R. A., Gil, P. R., & Mittermeier, C. G. (1997). Megadiversity: Earth’s biologically wealthiest nations. Mexico: Conservation International, Cemex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mol, H., Plaza, P., Zorrás, P., de Rij, T., Stoker, A., & Mulder, P. (2008). Toward a generic extraction method for simultaneous determination of pesticides, mycotoxines, plant toxins and veterinary drugs in feed and food matrices. Analytical Chemistry, 80, 9450–9459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molina-Ochoa, J., Nguyen, K. B., González-Ramírez, M., Quintana-Moreno, M. G., Lezama-Gutiérrez, R., & Foster, J. E. (2009). Steinernema diaprepesi (Nematoda: Steinernematidae): Its occurrence in western Mexico and susceptibility of engorded cattle ticks Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Florida Entomologist, 92, 661–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montilla, R., Camacho, B., Quintero, A., & Cardozo, G. (2006). Parasitismo por Beauveria bassiana sobre la broca del café, en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Agronomía Tropical, 56, 183–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • MPPAT. (2007). VII CensoAgrícola. Retrieved from: http://censo.mat.gob.ve.

  • MPPS. (2011). Anuario de morbilidad del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Retrieved from: http://www.mpps.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_phocadownloadandview=categoryanddownload=720:anuario2011andid=15:anuarios–de–morbilidadandItemid=915.

  • Pacheco, M., & Torres, A. (2005). Evaluación de nematodos entomopatógenos en el control de la broca del café en el estado Táchira. Entomotropica, 20, 127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, M. N., & Wright, D. J. (1997). Glycogen: Its importance in the infectivity of aged juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae. Parasitology, 114, 591–596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez, J. J. (2005). Dimensión ética del desarrollo sostenible de la agricultura. Revista de Ciencias Sociales LUZ, 11, 246–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez, J. J., Rincón, N., Huerta, I., & Urdaneta, F. (2001). Diagnóstico socioeconómico de la comunidad agrícola La Estrella, estado Zulia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales LUZ, 7, 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peteira, B., Rodríguez, M. G., Rosales, C., Maselli, A., Casado, R., Castro, L., et al. (2014). Variabilidad molecular de aislamientos venezolanos de nematodos entomopatógenos y sus bacterias simbiontes. Revista de Protección Vegetal, 29, 112–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, T. O., Neher, D. A., Mullin, P., Esquivel, A., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Kanzaki, N., et al. (2009). Tropical nematode diversity: Vertical stratification of nematode communities in a Costa Rican humid lowland rainforest. Molecular Ecology, 18, 985–996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu, L., & Bedding, R. (2000). Energy metabolism and its relation to survival and infectivity of infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae under aerobic conditions. Nematology, 2, 551–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quiróz-Mireles, Y. (2005). Los métodos aplicados para combatir y erradicar la plaga de la langosta en la región noroccidental de Venezuela (1912–1914). In: G. Yépez-Colmenares (Ed.), Temas de historia contemporánea de Venezuela (1st ed., pp. 99–126.). Venezuela: Fondo editorial de Humanidades y Educación. Universidad Central de Venezuela.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinoso, D. (2009). Costos ambientales en el proceso de extracción del aceite de palma. Estudio de un caso. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 14, 228–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosales, L. C. (2013). Evaluación de nematodos entomopatógenos como biorreguladores de algunas plagas agrícolas. PhD Thesis, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosales, L. C., & Súarez, H. Z. (1998). Nematodos entomopatógenos como posibles agentes de control del gorgojo negro del plátano Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar 1824) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Boletín Entomológico Venezolano, 13, 123–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosales, L. C., Suárez, Z., Navas, R., & Tellechea, V. (1999a). Nematodos entomopatógenos: Generalidades. Fonaiap Divulga, 63, 6–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosales, L. C., Suárez, Z., Navas, R., & Tellechea, V. (1999b). Nematodos entomopatógenos: Su uso en control biológico. Fonaiap Divulga, 64, 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salas, J. (2003). Plantas cultivadas y silvestres hospederas de Thrips tabaci y Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera:Thripidae) en Quíbor, estado Lara, Venezuela. Bioagro, 15, 47–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salma, J., & Shahina, F. (2012). Mass production of eight Pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae). Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 30, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, E. (2013). Progress on entomopathogenic nematology research: A bibliometric study of the last three decades: 1980–2010. Biological Control, 66, 102–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, E., Carrillo, Z., & Parra, Y. (2012). Effect of Xenorhabdus and Phothorhabdus bacteria and their exudates on Monilliophthora roreri. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 45, 1950–1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, E., Cubillán, N., Guerra, M., Portillo, E., & Esteves, I. (2012). Characterization of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria by Fourier transform mid–infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FT–IR/ATR). Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 93, 58–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, E., Gowen, S. R., & Pembroke, B. (2008). Steinernema feltiae: Ammonia triggers the emergence of their infective juveniles. Experimental Parasitology, 119, 180–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, E., Guerra, M., Portillo, E., Esteves, I., Cubillán, N., & Alvarado, Y. (2011). ATR/FTIR characterization of Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis indica. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 57, 220–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, E., Parra, Y., & Carrillo, Z. (2013). Effect of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria (Enterobacteriales: Enterobactereaceae) and their exudates on the apical rotten fruit disease caused by Dothiorella sp. in guava (Psidium guajava). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46, 2294–2303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • San-Blas, E., Pirela, D., García, D., & Portillo, E. (2014). Ammonia concentration at emergence and its effects on the recovery of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes. Experimental Parasitology, 144, 1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selvan, S., Gaugler, R., & Lewis, E. E. (1993). Biochemical energy reserves of entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Parasitology, 79, 167–172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terán, L., Meléndez, I., García-Aguilar, L., Acuña, J. G., & Urdaneta, M. (1996). Efecto de la aplicación de nitrógeno y potasio en el rendimiento del cultivo de la guayaba (Psidium guayaba L.). Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía LUZ, 13, 363–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vélez, R. (1997). Plagas agrícolas de impacto económico en Colombia: bionomía y manejo integrado. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad de Antioquia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassink, H., & Poinar, G. O., Jr. (1984). Use of Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser (Steinernematidae: Rahbditida), in Latin America. Nematropica, 14, 97–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X., Qiu, D., Yang, H., Liu, Z., Zeng, H., & Yuan, J. (2011). Antifungal activity of xenocoumacin 1 from Xenorhabdus nematophilus var. Pekingensis against Phytophthora infestans. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27, 523–528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo, S. K., Brown, I., & Gaugler, R. (2000). Liquid media development for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora: Lipid source and concentration. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 54, 759–763.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zamora, F. (2003). Identificación de indicadores de sosteniblilidad en los sistemas de producción hortícola de Barrio Nuevo, Municipio Federación, estado Falcón. Degree Thesis, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda. Coro, Falcón. Venezuela, pp. 95.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Prof. Gioconda San-Blas (InstitutoVenezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela) for her valuable comments and suggestions. The authors also acknowledge the Fondo de Desarrollo Nacional FONDEN S.A. for financial support through “Convenio de Cooperación Integral Cuba-Venezuela”, project “MPPF–FONDEN–CJ–CCATR–XIII–14”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Estudios Botánicos y Agroforestales, Laboratorio de Protección Vegetal, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela

    Ernesto San-Blas

  2. Laboratorio de Nematología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela

    Carolina Rosales

  3. Campo Experimental Bramon, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Bramón, Estado Táchira, Venezuela

    Ángel Torres

Authors
  1. Ernesto San-Blas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carolina Rosales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ángel Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ernesto San-Blas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland

    Raquel Campos-Herrera

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

San-Blas, E., Rosales, C., Torres, Á. (2015). Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Tropical Agriculture: Current Uses and Their Future in Venezuela. In: Campos-Herrera, R. (eds) Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18266-7_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation