Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Facial Paralysis and Facial Reanimation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

  • 2216 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter is a broad review of pertinent information regarding the workup and management of facial paralysis that is relevant for the facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Baugh RF, et al. Clinical practice guideline Bell’s palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;149(3 Suppl):S1–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bénateau H, et al. Anatomic study of the tendinous insertion lamina of the temporalis muscle. Surg Radiol Anat. 2004;26(4):281–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertelli JA, et al. Long interpositional nerve graft consistently induces incomplete motor and sensory recovery in the rat. An experimental model to test nerve repair. J Neurosci Methods. 2004;134(1):75–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beurskens CH, Heymans PG. Physiotherapy in patients with facial nerve paresis: description of outcomes. Am J Otolaryngol. 2004;25(6):394–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beurskens CH, Heymans PG. Mime therapy improves facial symmetry in people with long-term facial nerve paresis: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52(3):177–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhama PK, et al. Objective outcomes analysis following microvascular gracilis transfer for facial reanimation: a review of 10 years’ experience. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2014;16(2):85–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleicher JN, et al. A survey of facial paralysis: etiology and incidence. Ear Nose Throat J. 1996;75(6):355–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blomstedt GC, et al. Recovery of the sutured facial nerve after removal of acoustic neuroma in patients with neurofibromatosis‐2. Neurosurgery. 1994;35(3):364–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boahene K. Principles and biomechanics of muscle tendon unit transfer: application in temporalis muscle tendon transposition for smile improvement in facial paralysis. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(2):350–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boahene KD, et al. Minimally invasive temporalis tendon transposition. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2011;13(1):8–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borodic G, et al. Botulinum toxin for aberrant facial nerve regeneration: double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using subjective endpoints. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(1):36–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borschel GH, et al. The motor nerve to the masseter muscle: an anatomic and histomorphometric study to facilitate its use in facial reanimation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(3):363–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne PJ, et al. Temporalis tendon transfer as part of a comprehensive approach to facial reanimation. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2007;9(4):234–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chepeha DB, et al. Prospective evaluation of eyelid function with gold weight implant and lower eyelid shortening for facial paralysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(3):299–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi D, Raisman G. Somatotopic organization of the facial nucleus is disrupted after lesioning and regeneration of the facial nerve: the histological representation of synkinesis. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(2):355–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crumley RL. Mechanisms of synkinesis. Laryngoscope. 1979;89(11):1847–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis RA, et al. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1956;102(4):385.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dingman RO, Grabb WC. Surgical anatomy of the mandibular ramus of the facial nerve based on the dissection of 100 facial halves. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1962;29(3):266–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djalilian HR. Bell’s palsy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):416–8. author reply 416–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Kashlan H, Kileny P. Outpatient facial nerve evoked electromyography testing. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;6(5):334–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin GR, et al. Outcomes following temporalis tendon transfer in irradiated patients. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2012;14(6):395–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hontanilla B, Aubá C. Automatic three-dimensional quantitative analysis for evaluation of facial movement. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(1):18–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1985;93(2):146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Husseman J, Mehta RP. Management of synkinesis. Facial Plast Surg. 2008;24(2):242–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labbe D, Huault M. Lengthening temporalis myoplasty and lip reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(4):1289–97. discussion 1298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Labbe D, Bussu F, Iodice A. A comprehensive approach to long-standing facial paralysis based on lengthening temporalis myoplasty. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2012;32(3):145.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay RW, Robinson M, Hadlock TA. Comprehensive facial rehabilitation improves function in people with facial paralysis: a 5-year experience at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Phys Ther. 2010;90(3):391–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay RW, et al. The success of free gracilis muscle transfer to restore smile in patients with nonflaccid facial paralysis. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;73:177–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manktelow RT, et al. Smile reconstruction in adults with free muscle transfer innervated by the masseter motor nerve: effectiveness and cerebral adaptation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(4):885–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May M, Blumenthal F, Klein SR. Acute Bell’s palsy: prognostic value of evoked electromyography, maximal stimulation, and other electrical tests. Otol Neurotol. 1983;5(1):1–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nduka C, Hallam MJ, Labbe D. Refinements in smile reanimation: 10-year experience with the lengthening temporalis myoplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(7):851–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peitersen E. Bell’s palsy: the spontaneous course of 2,500 peripheral facial nerve palsies of different etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2002;549:4–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pepper JP, Baker SR. Local flaps: cheek and lip reconstruction. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2013;15(5):374–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pepper JP, Kim JC. A surgical algorithm for lower eyelid resuspension in facial nerve paralysis. Oper Tech Otolaryngol. 2012;23(4):248–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pepper JP, Kim JC, Massry GG. Selective chemodenervation with botulinum toxin in facial nerve disorders. Oper Tech Otolaryngol. 2012;23(4):297–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitanguy I, Ramos AS. The frontal branch of the facial nerve: the importance of its variations in face lifting. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1966;38(4):352–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rea PM, McGarry G, Shaw-Dunn J. The precision of four commonly used surgical landmarks for locating the facial nerve in anterograde parotidectomy in humans. Ann Anat. 2010;192(1):27–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;114(3):380–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders F, Whitteridge D. Conduction velocity and myelin thickness in regenerating nerve fibres. J Physiol. 1946;105(2):152–74.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan FM, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell’s palsy. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(16):1598–607.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland S, Williams HB. Nerve injuries and their repair: a critical appraisal. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;89(6):1170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada H, et al. Facial synkinesis after experimental compression of the facial nerve comparing intratemporal and extratemporal lesions. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(5):1022–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Keck Hospital of the University of Southern California, 1450 Alcazar Street Suite 204Z, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Jon-Paul Pepper M.D.

Authors
  1. Jon-Paul Pepper M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jon-Paul Pepper M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept of Otolaryngology Head&Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

    Brian J.-F Wong

  2. Otolaryngology-Dept.of Head&Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA

    Michelle G. Arnold

  3. Facial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Facial Aesthetic Concepts, San Clemente, California, USA

    Jacob O. Boeckmann

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pepper, JP. (2016). Facial Paralysis and Facial Reanimation. In: Wong, BF., Arnold, M., Boeckmann, J. (eds) Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18035-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18035-9_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18034-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18035-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation