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Heterogeneous Causes of Stroke: Select Emerging Risk Factors

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Ischemic Stroke Therapeutics

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Abstract

Besides traditional risk factors for vascular disease such as hypertension and diabetes, several emerging risk factors for stroke should be noted. In this chapter, chronic kidney disease, hyperhomocysteinemia, sleep disorders, metabolic syndrome, and genetic diseases are introduced as emerging risk factors. In particular, chronic kidney disease is now known as an established risk factor for stroke and other cardiovascular diseases, beyond its original meaning as a high-risk state for future dialysis. Chronic kidney disease is also indicative of stroke severity and poor clinical outcomes after stroke. Limitations of stroke therapies including antithrombotic therapy seem to be a reason for the poor stroke outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease.

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Abbreviations

CADASIL:

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy

CARASIL:

Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy

CI:

Confidence interval

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

eGFR:

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

ESKD:

End-stage kidney disease

FLAIR:

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

GFR:

Glomerular filtration rate

HTRA1:

HtrA serine protease 1

MRA:

Magnetic resonance angiography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

PRoFESS:

Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan

    Kazunori Toyoda M.D., Ph.D.

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  1. Kazunori Toyoda M.D., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Kazunori Toyoda M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Admiral Pihl Professor and Chairman of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA

    Bruce Ovbiagele

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Toyoda, K. (2016). Heterogeneous Causes of Stroke: Select Emerging Risk Factors. In: Ovbiagele, B. (eds) Ischemic Stroke Therapeutics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17750-2_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17750-2_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17749-6

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