Skip to main content

Medical Therapy

  • Chapter
Peyronie’s Disease

Abstract

The author believes that the first step for the Peyronie disease (PD) therapy should be medical.

The removal of reversible risk factors for PD (smoking habit, hyperglycemia, and hypogonadism) is considered critical for the efficacy of PD therapy.

It is felt that intraplaque therapy could not be sufficient for PD because PD is a disease involving the whole tunica albuginea.

PD is a progressive disease; thus, the end point of therapy is stopping the plaque progression. The authors sustain that the evolution of PD in the course of therapy should be evaluated on the basis of plaque volume, while penile deformity should be evaluated as a last resort.

The following should be considered as oral drugs for PD: potassium para-aminobenzoate, vitamin E, tamoxifen, colchicine, pentoxifylline, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, coenzyme Q10, and carnitines. Intraplaque injective therapy comprises the following drugs: corticosteroids, verapamil, interferon, and collagenase.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Akkus E, Carrier S, Rehman J, Breza J, Kadioglu A, Lue TF (1994) Is colchicine effective in Peyronie’s disease? A pilot study. Urology 44:291–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Akman T, Sanli O, Uluocak N, Akbulut F, Nane I, Demir S, Kadioglu A (2011) The most commonly altered type of Peyronie’s disease deformity under oral colchicine treatment is lateral curvature that mostly shifts to the dorsal side. Andrologia 43:28–33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson MS, Shankey TV, Lubrano T, Mulhall JP (2000) Inhibition of Peyronie’s plaque fibroblast proliferation by biologic agents. Int J Impot Res 12:25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Astsaturov I, Petrella T, Bagriacik EU, de Benedette M, Uger R, Lumber G, Berinstein N, Elias I, Iscoe N, Hammond C, Hamilton P, Spaner DE (2003) Amplification of virus-induced antimelanoma T-cell reactivity by high-dose interferon-alpha2b: implications for cancer vaccines. Clin Cancer Res 9:4347–4355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Avilés A, Neri N, Huerta-Guzmán J, Pérez F, Sotelo L (2004) Interferon alpha 2b as maintenance therapy improves outcome in follicular lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 45:2247–2251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bennett NE, Guhring P, Mulhall JP (2007) Intralesional verapamil prevents the progression of Peyronie’s disease. Urology 69:1181–1184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Berman B, Duncan MR (1989) Short-term keloid treatment in vivo with human interferon alfa-2b results in a selective and persistent normalization of keloidal fibroblast collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and collagenase production in vitro. J Am Acad Dermatol 21:694–702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Berti E, Carrara M, Ragazzi E, D’Ancona S, Berti T (1999) A comparison of the modulation of antiblastics cytotoxicity by verapamil and dipyridamole in a human colon carcinoma cell line. Int J Oncol 15:155–160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Biagiotti G, Cavallini G (2001) Acetyl-L-carnitine vs tamoxifen in the oral therapy of Peyronie’s disease: a preliminary report. BJU Int 88:63–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Boiti D (1953) Hyaluronidase in local therapy of several cases of penis plastica. Rass Dermatol Sifilogr 6:244–248

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cavallini G, Biagiotti G, Koverech A, Vitali G (2002) Oral propionyl-l-carnitine and intraplaque verapamil in the therapy of advanced and resistant Peyronie’s disease. BJU Int 89:895–900

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cavallini G, Biagiotti G, Lo Giudice C (2012) Association between Peyronie disease and low serum testosterone levels: detection and therapeutic considerations. J Androl 33(3):381–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cavallini G, Modenini F, Vitali G (2007) Open preliminary randomized prospective clinical trial of efficacy and safety of three different verapamil dilutions for intraplaque therapy of Peyronie’s disease. Urology 69:950–954

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Cavallini G, Paulis G (2013) Improvement of chronic Peyronie’s disease symptoms after diabetic compensation: a retrospective study. Urology 81:794–798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chesney J (1975) Peyronie’s disease. Br J Urol 47:209–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chitale S, Morsey M, Swift L, Sethia K (2010) Limited shock wave therapy vs sham treatment in men with Peyronie’s disease: results of a prospective randomized controlled double-blind trial. BJU Int 106:1352–1356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chung E, Garcia F, Young LD, Solomon M, Brock GB (2013) A comparative study of the efficacy of intralesional verapamil versus normal saline injection in a novel Peyronie disease animal model: assessment of immunohistopathological changes and erectile function outcome. J Urol 189:380–384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. D’Antona G, Nabavi SM, Micheletti P, Di Lorenzo A, Aquilani R, Nisoli E, Rondanelli M, Daglia M (2014) Creatine, L-carnitine, and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation from healthy to diseased skeletal muscle. Biomed Res Int 2014:613890

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Della Bella S, Nicola S, Riva A, Biasin M, Clerici M, Villa ML (2004) Functional repertoire of dendritic cells generated in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interferon-alpha. J Leukoc Biol 75:106–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Di Marzio L, Moretti S, D’Alò S, Zazzeroni F, Marcellini S, Smacchia C, Alesse E, Cifone MG, De Simone C (1999) Acetyl-L-carnitine administration increases insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects: correlation with its suppressive effect on lymphocyte apoptosis and ceramide generation. Clin Immunol 92:103–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Di Stasi SM, Giannantoni A, Stephen RL, Capelli G, Giurioli A, Jannini EA, Vespasiani G (2004) A prospective, randomized study using transdermal electromotive administration of verapamil and dexamethasone for Peyronie’s disease. J Urol 171:1605–1608

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dominguez-Malagon HR, Alfeiran-Ruiz A, Chavarria-Xicotencatl P, Duran-Hernandez MS (1992) Clinical and cellular effects of colchicine in fibromatosis. Cancer 69:2478–2483

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Duncan MR, Berman B, Nseyo UO (1991) Regulation of the proliferation and biosynthetic activities of cultured human Peyronie’s disease fibroblasts by interferons-alpha, -beta and -gamma. Scand J Urol Nephrol 25:89–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. El-Sakka AI, Bakircioglu ME, Bhatnagar RS, Yen TS, Dahiya R, Lue TF (1999) The effects of colchicine on a Peyronie’s-like condition in an animal model. J Urol 16:1980–1983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fitch WP 3rd, Easterling WJ, Talbert RL, Bordovsky MJ, Mosier M (2007) Topical verapamil HCl, topical trifluoperazine, and topical magnesium sulfate for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease–a placebo-controlled pilot study. J Sex Med 4:477–484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gabrielli GB, Casaril M, Stanzial AM, Colombari R, Pasino M, Corrocher R (2003) Liver stellate cells and aminoterminal peptide of type III procollagen in chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon. Hepatogastroenterology 50:2017–2021

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Gelbard M, Goldstein I, Hellstrom WJ, McMahon CG, Smith T, Tursi J, Jones N, Kaufman GJ, Carson CC 3rd (2013) Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of collagenase clostridium histolyticum for the treatment of peyronie disease in 2 large double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled phase 3 studies. J Urol 190:199–207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gelbard M, Walsh R, Kaufman JJ (1980) Clostridial collagenase and Peyronie disease. Urology 15:536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gontero P, Di Marco M, Giubilei G, Bartoletti R, Pappagallo G, Tizzani A, Mondaini N (2009) Use of penile extender device in the treatment of penile curvature as a result of Peyronie’s disease. Results of a phase II prospective study. J Sex Med 6:558–566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Rajfer J (2010) Treatment of Peyronie’s disease with PDE5 inhibitors: an antifibrotic strategy. Nat Rev Urol 7:215–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Greenfield JM, Shah SJ, Levine LA (2007) Verapamil versus saline in electromotive drug administration for Peyronie’s disease: a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Urol 177:972–975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Griffiths MR, Priestley GC (1992) A comparison of morphoea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in vitro: the effects of para-aminobenzoate on skin fibroblasts. Acta Derm Venereol 72:15–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hashimoto K, Hisasue S, Kato R, Kobayashi K, Shimizu T, Tsukamoto T (2006) Outcome analysis for conservative management of Peyronie’s disease. Int J Urol 13:244–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hatzimouratidis K, Eardley I, Giuliano F, Hatzichristou D, Moncada I, Salonia A, Vardi Y, Wespes E, European Association of Urology (2012) EAU guidelines on penile curvature. Eur Urol 62:543–552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hellstrom WJ, Kendirci M, Matern R, Cockerham Y, Myers L, Sikka SC, Venable D, Honig S, McCullough A, Hakim LS, Nehra A, Templeton LE, Pryor JL (2006) Single-blind, multicenter, placebo controlled, parallel study to assess the safety and efficacy of intralesional interferon alpha-2B for minimally invasive treatment for Peyronie’s disease. J Urol 176:394–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Inal T, Tokatli Z, Akand M, Ozdiler E, Yaman O (2006) Effect of intralesional interferon-alpha 2b combined with oral vitamin E for treatment of early stage Peyronie’s disease: a randomized and prospective study. Urology 67:1038–1042

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jamroziak K, Smolewski P, Cebula B, Szmigielska-Kaplon A, Darzynkiewicz Z, Robak T (2004) Relation of P-glycoprotein expression with spontaneous in vitro apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Neoplasma 51:181–187

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jordan GH (2008) The use of intralesional clostridial collagenase injection therapy for Peyronie’s disease: a prospective, single-center, non-placebo-controlled study. J Sex Med 5:180–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kadioglu A, Tefekli A, Köksal T, Usta M, Erol H (2000) Treatment of Peyronie’s disease with oral colchicine: long-term results and predictive parameters of successful outcome. Int J Impot Res 12:169–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. La Pera G, Pescatori ES, Calabrese M, Boffini A, Colombo F, Andriani E, Natali A, Vaggi L, Catuogno C, Giustini M, Taggi F, SIMONA Study Group (2001) Peyronie’s disease: prevalence and association with cigarette smoking. A multicenter population-based study in men aged 50–69 years. Eur Urol 40:525–530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Levine LA, Estrada CR, Shou W, Cole A (2003) Tunica albuginea tissue analysis after electromotive drug administration. J Urol 169:1775–1778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Levine LA, Goldman KE, Greenfield JM (2002) Experience with intraplaque injection of verapamil for Peyronie’s disease. J Urol 168:621–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Levine LA, Merrick PF, Lee RC (1994) Intralesional verapamil injection for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease. J Urol 151:1522–1524

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Levine LA, Newell M, Taylor FL (2008) Penile traction therapy for treatment of Peyronie’s disease: a single-center pilot study. J Sex Med 5:1468–1473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Loreto C, La Rocca G, Anzalone R, Caltabiano R, Vespasiani G, Castorina S, Ralph DJ, Cellek S, Musumeci G, Giunta S, Djinovic R, Basic D, Sansalone S (2014) The role of intrinsic pathway in apoptosis activation and progression in Peyronie’s disease. Biomed Res Int 2014:616149

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Martin DJ, Badwan K, Parker M, Mulhall JP (2002) Transdermal application of verapamil gel to the penile shaft fails to infiltrate the tunica albuginea. J Urol 168:2483–2485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mehrsai AR, Namdari F, Salavati A, Dehghani S, Allameh F, Pourmand G (2013) Comparison of transdermal electromotive administration of verapamil and dexamethasone versus intra-lesional injection for Peyronie’s disease. Andrology 1:129–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Mickelson DT, Noland SS, Watt AJ, Kollitz KM, Vedder NB, Huang JI (2014) Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing 1- versus 7-day manipulation following collagenase injection for dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am 39:1933–1941

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Montorsi F, Salonia A, Guazzoni G, Barbieri L, Colombo R, Brausi M, Scattoni V, Rigatti P, Pizzini G (2000) Transdermal electromotive multi-drug administration for Peyronie’s disease: preliminary results. J Androl 21:85–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mulhall JP (2003) Expanding the paradigm for plaque development in Peyronie’s disease. Int J Impot Res 15:93–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Mulhall JP, Anderson MS, Lubrano T, Shankey TV (2002) Peyronie’s disease cell culture models: phenotypic, genotypic and functional analyses. Int J Impot Res 14:397–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mynderse LA, Monga M (2002) Oral therapy for Peyronie’s disease. Int J Impot Res 14:340–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Palmieri A, Imbimbo C, Creta M, Verze P, Fusco F, Mirone V (2012) Tadalafil once daily and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the management of patients with Peyronie’s disease and erectile dysfunction: results from a prospective randomized trial. Int J Androl 35:190–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Palmieri A, Imbimbo C, Longo N, Fusco F, Verze P, Mangiapia F, Creta M, Mirone V (2009) A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease. Eur Urol 56:363–369

    Google Scholar 

  55. Paulis G, Brancato T, D’Ascenzo R, De Giorgio G, Nupieri P, Orsolini G, Alvaro R (2013) Efficacy of vitamin E in the conservative treatment of Peyronie’s disease: legend or reality? A controlled study of 70 cases. Andrology 1:120–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Priestley GC, Brown JC (1979) Effects of potassium para-aminobenzoate on growth and macromolecule synthesis in fibroblasts cultured from normal and sclerodermatous human skin, and rheumatoid synovial cells. J Invest Dermatol 72:161–164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Prieto Castro RM, Leva Vallejo ME, Regueiro Lopez JC, Anglada Curado FJ, Alvarez Kindelan J, Requena Tapia MJ (2003) Combined treatment with vitamin E and colchicine in the early stages of Peyronie’s disease. BJU Int 91:522–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Primus G (1993) Orgotein in the treatment of plastic induration of the penis (Peyronie’s disease). Int Urol Nephrol 25:169–172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ralph DJ, Brooks MD, Bottazzo GF, Pryor JP (1992) The treatment of Peyronie’s disease with tamoxifen. Br J Urol 70:648–651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Rehman J, Benet A, Melman A (1998) Use of intralesional verapamil to dissolve Peyronie’s disease plaque: a long-term single-blind study. Urology 51:620–626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Riedl CR, Plas E, Engelhardt P, Daha K, Pflüger H (2000) Iontophoresis for treatment of Peyronie’s disease. J Urol 163:95–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Roger S, Le Guennec JY, Besson P (2004) Particular sensitivity to calcium channel blockers of the fast inward voltage-dependent sodium current involved in the invasive properties of a metastatic breast cancer cell line. Br J Pharmacol 141:610–615

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Safarinejad MR (2004) Therapeutic effects of colchicine in the management of Peyronie’s disease: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Impot Res 16:238–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Safarinejad MR (2010) Safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in early chronic Peyronie’s disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. Int J Impot Res 22:298–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Safarinejad MR, Asgari MA, Hosseini SY, Dadkhah F (2010) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline in early chronic Peyronie’s disease. BJU Int 106:240–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY, Kolahi AA (2007) Comparison of vitamin E and propionyl-L-carnitine, separately or in combination, in patients with early chronic Peyronie’s disease: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized study. J Urol 178:1398–1403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Scheinman LJ, Miller EV (1967) Use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in Peyronie’s disease; a preliminary report. Pac Med Surg 75:61–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Scott WW, Scardino PL (1948) A new concept in the treatment of Peyronie’s disease. South Med J 41:173–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Serejo F, Emerit I, Filipe PM, Fernandes AC, Costa MA, Freitas JP, de Moura MC (2003) Oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis C: the effect of interferon therapy and correlation with pathological features. Can J Gastroenterol 17:644–650

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Shirazi M, Haghpanah AR, Badiee M, Afrasiabi MA, Haghpanah S (2009) Effect of intralesional verapamil for treatment of Peyronie’s disease: a randomized single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Urol Nephrol 41:467–471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Skaria AM (2004) Prevention and treatment of keloids with intralesional verapamil. Dermatology 209:71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Smith BH (1969) Subclinical Peyronie’s disease. Am J Clin Pathol 52:385–390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Smith JF, Shindel AW, Huang YC, Clavijo RI, Flechner L, Breyer BN, Eisenberg ML, Lue TF (2011) Pentoxifylline treatment and penile calcifications in men with Peyronie’s disease. Asian J Androl 13:322–325

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Soh J, Kawauchi A, Kanemitsu N, Naya Y, Ochiai A, Naitoh Y, Fujiwara T, Kamoi K, Miki T (2010) Nicardipine vs. saline injection as treatment for Peyronie’s disease: a prospective, randomized, single-blind trial. J Sex Med 7:3743–3749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, Watson GA, Sung KY, Liu Y, Ren B, Yim JH (2007) Interferon regulatory factor-1-induced apoptosis mediated by a ligand-independent fas-associated death domain pathway in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 26:6420–630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Steinberg CL (1951) Tocopherols in treatment of primary fibrositis; including Dupuytren’s contracture, periarthritis of the shoulders, and Peyronie’s disease. AMA Arch Surg 63:824–833

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Teloken C, Rhoden EL, Grazziotin TM, Ros CT, Sogari PR, Souto CA (1999) Tamoxifen versus placebo in the treatment of Peyronie’s disease. J Urol 162:2003–2005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Trost LW, Ates E, Powers M, Sikka S, Hellstrom WJ (2013) Outcomes of intralesional interferon-α2B for the treatment of Peyronie disease. J Urol 190:2194–2199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Vernet D, Nolazco G, Cantini L, Magee TR, Qian A, Rajfer J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF (2005) Evidence that osteogenic progenitor cells in the human tunica albuginea may originate from stem cells: implications for Peyronie disease. Biol Reprod 73:1199–1210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Wegner HE, Andresen R, Knispel HH, Miller K (1997) Local interferon-alpha 2b is not an effective treatment in early-stage Peyronie’s disease. Eur Urol 32:190–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Weidner W, Hauck EW, Schnitker J, Peyronie’s Disease Study Group of Andrological Group of German Urologists (2005) Potassium paraaminobenzoate (POTABA) in the treatment of Peyronie’s disease: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Eur Urol 47:530–535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Zhang LN, Velichko S, Vincelette J, Fitch RM, Vergona R, Sullivan ME, Croze E, Wang YX (2008) Interferon-beta attenuates angiotensin II-accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 197:204–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Zhanping W, Xiaoyu P, Na C, Shenglan W, Bo W (2007) Voltage-gated K+ channels are associated with cell proliferation and cell cycle of ovarian cancer cell. Gynecol Oncol 104:455–460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giorgio Cavallini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cavallini, G. (2015). Medical Therapy. In: Cavallini, G., Paulis, G. (eds) Peyronie’s Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17202-6_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17202-6_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17201-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17202-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics