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Endothelial Cell Function and Hypertension: Interactions Among Inflammation, Immune Function, and Exercise

  • Chapter
Effects of Exercise on Hypertension

Part of the book series: Molecular and Translational Medicine ((MOLEMED))

Abstract

Chronic inflammation is significantly associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is difficult to definitively ascertain whether immune activities are an origin or consequence of diseases related to the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. During an acute inflammatory insult, endothelial cells and the surrounding vascular tissue participate in the transient immune response. However, chronic inflammation primes the endothelium to become a tissue depot that promotes heightened reactive oxygen species production and produces inflammatory mediators that potentiate vascular dysfunction. Herein, the evidence in which immune cells (innate and adaptive) and circulating and membrane bound mediators (i.e., cytokines, oxidative stress, cellular adhesion molecules, and pattern recognition receptors) participate in the dysfunction of the vasculature and effector organs (e.g., kidney) that prime endothelial dysfunction and promote hypertension will be reviewed. Further, the interactions between the effects of exercise on systemic (i.e., whole body) and local (i.e., vascular endothelium) immune cell function and hypertension will be discussed. This chapter will provide evidence advocating for the implementation of habitual exercise as a primary prevention and adjunctive treatment approach in counteracting inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension.

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Abbreviations

AMPK:

Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase

Ang II:

Angiotensin II

CAM:

Cellular adhesion molecules (intracellular—ICAM vascular—VCAM)

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

EC:

Endothelial cells

EnDy:

Endothelial dysfunction

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

IL-(1β,ra):

Interleukin-1βeta ra-receptor antagonist

IL-(6 10, 17):

Interleukin-6, 10, 17

Mφ:

Macrophage

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κB

NOX2:

NADPH oxidase 2 subunit

oxLDL:

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Th (1,2,17):

T helper (1, 2, 17) cell

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Treg:

Regulatory T cell

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  1. Department of Kinesiology & Nutrition, Integrative Physiology Lab Group, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois—Chicago, AHSB: 1919 W. Taylor Ave, MC-517, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Marc D. Cook M.S., Ph.D.

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  1. Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut Department of Kinesiology &, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

    Linda S. Pescatello

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Cook, M.D. (2015). Endothelial Cell Function and Hypertension: Interactions Among Inflammation, Immune Function, and Exercise. In: Pescatello, L. (eds) Effects of Exercise on Hypertension. Molecular and Translational Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17076-3_14

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17076-3_14

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17075-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17076-3

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