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Growth
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Grows in culture as an adherent monolayer of epithelial cells
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Differentiation
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Takes 14–21 days after confluence under standard culture conditions
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Cell morphology
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Polarized cells with tight junctions and brush border at the apical side
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Electrical parameters
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High electrical resistance
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Digestive enzymes
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Expresses typical digestive enzymes, membrane peptidases and disaccharidases of the small intestine (lactase, aminopeptidase N, sucrase-isomaltase and dipeptidylpeptidase IV)
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Active transport
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Amino acids, sugars, vitamins, hormones
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Membrane ionic transport
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Na+/K+ ATPase, H+/K+ ATPase, Na+/H+ exchange, Na+/K+/Cl− cotransport, apical Cl− channels
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Membrane non-ionic transporters
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Permeability glycoprotein (P-gp, multidrug resistance protein), multidrug resistance-associated protein, lung cancer-associated resistance protein
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Receptors
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Vitamin B12, vitamin D3, EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), sugar transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT5, SGLT1)
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Cytokine production
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IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, TGF-β1, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-15
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