William Osler BM. A life in medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.
Google Scholar
Dinges DF, Kribbs NB. Performing while sleepy: effects of experimentally-induced sleepiness. In: Monk TH, editor. Sleep, sleepiness and performance. Chichester: Wiley; 1991. p. 97–128.
Google Scholar
Bonnet MH. Sleep deprivation. Princ Pract Sleep Med. 2000;2:50–67.
Google Scholar
Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003;26(2):117–26.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pilcher JJ, Huffcutt AI. Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 1996;19(4):318–26.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dinges DF, Pack F, Williams K, Gillen KA, Powell JW, Ott GE, et al. Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep: J Sleep Res Sleep Med. 1997;20(4):267–77.
CAS
Google Scholar
NHTSA. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Report [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/drowsy_driver.html. Accessed 15 May 2015.
Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P. Sleep deprivation: impact on cognitive performance. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3(5):553–67.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dorrian J, Lamond N, Dawson D. The ability to self-monitor performance when fatigued. J Sleep Res. 2000;9(2):137–44.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Philibert I. Sleep loss and performance in residents and nonphysicians: a meta-analytic examination. Sleep. 2005;28(11):1392–402.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dawson D, Reid K. Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment. Nature. 1997;388(6639):235.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Cumulative effects of sleep restriction on daytime sleepiness. Psychophysiology. 1981;18(2):107–13.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cohen DA, Wang W, Wyatt JK, Kronauer RE, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA, et al. Uncovering residual effects of chronic sleep loss on human performance. Sci Translat Med. 2010;2(14):14ra3.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Downey R, Bonnet MH. Performance during frequent sleep disruption. Sleep. 1987;10(4):354–63.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jewett ME, Wyatt JK, Ritz-De Cecco A, Khalsa SB, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Time course of sleep inertia dissipation in human performance and alertness. J Sleep Res. 1999;8(1):1–8.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Dongen HP, Baynard MD, Maislin G, Dinges DF. Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability. Sleep. 2004;27(3):423–33.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Dongen HP, Vitellaro KM, Dinges DF. Individual differences in adult human sleep and wakefulness: Leitmotif for a research agenda. Sleep. 2005;28(4):479–96.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith SS, Kilby S, Jorgensen G, Douglas JA. Napping and nightshift work: effects of a short nap on psychomotor vigilance and subjective sleepiness in health workers. Sleep Biol Rhythm. 2007;5(2):117–25.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Asaoka S, Fukuda K, Murphy TI, Abe T, Inoue Y. The effects of a nighttime nap on the error-monitoring functions during extended wakefulness. Sleep. 2012;35(6):871–8.
CrossRef
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smith-Coggins R, Howard SK, Mac DT, Wang C, Kwan S, Rosekind MR, et al. Improving alertness and performance in emergency department physicians and nurses: the use of planned naps. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48(5):596–604. e1–3.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sugden C, Aggarwal R, Housden C, Sahakian BJ, Darzi A. Pharmacological enhancement of performance in doctors. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 2010;340:c2542.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Crozier TW, Stalmach A, Lean ME, Crozier A. Espresso coffees, caffeine and chlorogenic acid intake: potential health implications. Food Funct. 2012;3(1):30–3.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Aggarwal R, Mishra A, Crochet P, Sirimanna P, Darzi A. Effect of caffeine and taurine on simulated laparoscopy performed following sleep deprivation. Br J Surg. 2011;98(11):1666–72.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Killgore WD, Kahn-Greene ET, Grugle NL, Killgore DB, Balkin TJ. Sustaining executive functions during sleep deprivation: a comparison of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil. Sleep. 2009;32(2):205–16.
CrossRef
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gallopin T, Luppi P, Rambert F. Effect of the wake-promoting agent Modafinil on sleep-promoting neurons from the ventrolater-al preoptic nucleus: an in vitro pharmacologic study. Sleep. 2004;27(1):19–25.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lagarde D, Milhaud C. Electroencephalographic effects of modafinil, an alpha-1-adrenergic psychostimulant, on the sleep of rhesus monkeys. Sleep: J Sleep Res Sleep Med. 1990;13(5):441–8.
CAS
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Lin J, Gervasoni D, Hou Y, Vanni‐Mercier G, Rambert F, Frydman A, et al. Effects of amphetamine and modafinil on the sleep/wake cycle during experimental hypersomnia induced by sleep deprivation in the cat. J Sleep Res. 2000;9(1):89–96.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tourev M, Sallanon-Moulin M, Jouvet M. Awakening properties of modafinil without paradoxical sleep rebound: comparative study with amphetamine in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1995;189(1):43–6.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Edgar DM, Seidel WF. Modafinil induces wakefulness without intensifying motor activity or subsequent rebound hypersomnolence in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997;283(2):757–69.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(3):243–6.
Google Scholar
Lamond N, Dawson D. Quantifying the performance impairment associated with fatigue. J Sleep Res. 1999;8(4):255–62.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mercurio MR, Peterec SM. Attending physician work hours: ethical considerations and the last doctor standing. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):758–62.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Czeisler CA, Pellegrini CA, Sade RM. Should sleep-deprived surgeons be prohibited from operating without patients’ consent? Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(2):757–66.
CrossRef
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Blum AB, Raiszadeh F, Shea S, Mermin D, Lurie P, Landrigan CP, et al. US public opinion regarding proposed limits on resident physician work hours. BMC Med. 2010;8:33.
CrossRef
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pellegrini CA, Britt LD, Hoyt DB. Sleep deprivation and elective surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2672–3.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fahrenkopf AM, Sectish TC, Barger LK, Sharek PJ, Lewin D, Chiang VW, et al. Rates of medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 2008;336(7642):488–91.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
West CP, Huschka MM, Novotny PJ, Sloan JA, Kolars JC, Habermann TM, et al. Association of perceived medical errors with resident distress and empathy: a prospective longitudinal study. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1071–8.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shanafelt TD, Bradley KA, Wipf JE, Back AL. Burnout and self-reported patient care in an internal medicine residency program. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(5):358–67.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Eaton EG, Horvath KD, Pellegrini CA. Professionalism and the shift mentality: how to reconcile patient ownership with limited work hours. Arch Surg. 2005;140(3):230–5.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mukherjee S. A precarious exchange. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(18):1822–4.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman RC, Bigger JT, Kornfeld DS. The intern and sleep loss. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(4):201–3.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asch DA, Parker RM. The Libby Zion case. One step forward or two steps backward? N Engl J Med. 1988;318(12):771–5.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
N.Y. Comp. Codes R. & Regs. tit. 10, § 405.4.
Google Scholar
Gefell AW. Dying to sleep: using federal legislation and Tort Law to cure the effects of fatigue in medical residency programs. J Law Policy. 2002;11:645.
Google Scholar
Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, editors. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2000.
Google Scholar
Ulmer C, Wolman D, Johns M, editors. Committee on optimizing graduate medical trainee (resident) hours and work schedules to improve patient safety, Institute of Medicine. Resident duty hours: enhancing sleep, supervision, and safety. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2008.
Google Scholar
de Virgilio C, Yaghoubian A, Lewis RJ, Stabile BE, Putnam BA. The 80-hour resident workweek does not adversely affect patient outcomes or resident education. Curr Surg. 2006;63(6):435–9.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Volpp KG, Rosen AK, Rosenbaum PR, Romano PS, Even-Shoshan O, Wang Y, et al. Mortality among hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries in the first 2 years following ACGME resident duty hour reform. JAMA. 2007;298(9):975–83.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leibrandt TJ, Pezzi CM, Fassler SA, Reilly EF, Morris JB. Has the 80-hour work week had an impact on voluntary attrition in general surgery residency programs? J Am Coll Surg. 2006;202(2):340–4.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
McElearney ST, Saalwachter AR, Hedrick TL, Pruett TL, Sanfey HA, Sawyer RG. Effect of the 80-hour work week on cases performed by general surgery residents. Am Surg. 2005;71(7):552–5; discussion 5–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Åkerstedt T. Shift work and disturbed sleep/wakefulness. Occup Med. 2003;53(2):89–94.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Son M, Kong JO, Koh SB, Kim J, Harma M. Effects of long working hours and the night shift on severe sleepiness among workers with 12‐hour shift systems for 5 to 7 consecutive days in the automobile factories of Korea. J Sleep Res. 2008;17(4):385–94.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crowley SJ, Lee C, Tseng CY, Fogg LF, Eastman CI. Complete or partial circadian re-entrainment improves performance, alertness, and mood during night-shift work. Sleep. 2004;27:1077–88.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leff DR, Aggarwal R, Rana M, Nakhjavani B, Purkayastha S, Khullar V, et al. Laparoscopic skills suffer on the first shift of sequential night shifts: program directors beware and residents prepare. Ann Surg. 2008;247(3):530–9.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kamine TH, Barron RJ, Lesicka A, Galbraith JD, Millham FH, Larson J. Effects of the new Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education work hour rules on surgical interns: a prospective study in a community teaching hospital. Am J Surg. 2013;205(2):163–8.
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar
Volpp KG, Landrigan CP. Building physician work hour regulations from first principles and best evidence. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1197–9.
CAS
CrossRef
PubMed
Google Scholar