Abstract
Illegal activities carried out under the cloak of religion are pervasive. The religious freedom and tax immunity rights granted to religious institutions create a unique complexity and difficulty in dealing with these crimes, especially because of the sacredness that conceals the conduct of churches and temples. We must challenge the usual role of churches and temples, and the legal protections afforded to them, in light of illegal conduct perpetuated by and through religious organizations.
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Notes
- 1.
See DALLARI, Dalmo. Fraudes em nome de Deus. Observatório da Imprensa, caderno da cidadania, http://observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/news/view/fraudes_em_nome_de_deus, Mar. 16, 2010, accessed Sept. 3, 2014.
- 2.
In this sense, it is worth mentioning Hirschi and Stark, who believe that the role of religion should be viewed through its belief system and rituals which legitimate and reinforce conventional values, and through its “system of eternal rewards and punishment (which help) to ensure the embodiment of values in actual behaviour” (in LINDEN, Rick, and CURRIE, Raymond. Religiosity and Drug Use: A Test of Social Control Theory. Department of Sociology of University of Manitoba, 19 Canadian J. Criminology & Corrections, 346, 1977).
- 3.
In Medieval times, the Church Courts were particularly concerned about both action and intention in their administration of punishment to criminal offenders. In other words, the Ecclesiastical Courts were concerned with the relative degree of guilt of each offender. The Penal Code expresses a similar concern. See SANDS, Fr. Kirkley C. The Christian Church and the Penal Code. A Christian Response to Crime in the Bahamas, L. Th. B.D., A.K.C., 1983, pp. 3–5.
- 4.
LINDEN, Rick, and CURRIE, Raymond. Religiosity and Drug Use: A Test of Social Control Theory. Department of Sociology of University of Manitoba, 19 Canadian J. Criminology & Corrections, 346, 349 (1977).
- 5.
NEDELCU, Constantin. Money Laundering Techniques Commonly Used. General Approaches. Challenges of the Knowledge Society. Law, p. 37.
- 6.
See DUMITRACHE, Ana Alina, and MODIGA, Georgeta. New Trends and Perspectives in The Money Laundering Process. Challenges of the Knowledge Society. Law, p. 54.
- 7.
In WELCH, Heather M. The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act and Mega-Churches: Demonstrating the Limits of Religious Land Use Exemptions in Federal Legislation. 39 University of Baltimore Law Rev. 255 (2010).
- 8.
See ANDERSEN, David M. Political Silence at Church: The Empty Threat of Removing Tax-Exempt Status for Insubstantial Attempts To Influence Legislation. 2006 B. Y. U. L. Rev 115.
- 9.
See SANDS, Fr. Kirkley C. The Christian Church and The Penal Code. A Christian Response to Crime in the Bahamas, L. Th. B.D., A.K.C., 1983, p. 35.
- 10.
CORTE Europeia confirma lei francesa que proíbe burca em locais públicos. Folha de São Paulo, July 1, 2014, http://tools.folha.com.br/print?site=emcimadahora&url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2014/07/1479127-corte-europeia-confirma-lei-francesa-que-proibe-burca-em-locais-publicos.shtml, accessed Aug. 10, 2014.
- 11.
See similar thoughts in JENKINS, Laura Dudley. Legal Limits on Religious Conversion in India, 71 Law & Contemporary Problems 109 (2008).
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De Sanctis, F.M. (2015). Conclusions. In: Churches, Temples, and Financial Crimes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15681-1_7
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