Abstract
An increasing number of physiological studies, as well as pathophysiological, epidemiological and pharmacological studies, have underlined the importance of measuring not only brachial systolic and pulse pressures in hypertensive patients but also central systolic and pulse pressures and pulse wave velocity. The aims of this chapter are to describe the various non-invasive methods currently available to measure pulse wave velocity (PWV) and central BP (cBP) in clinical practice, to detail the normal values in a healthy population and the reference values in a population of hypertensive patients with cardiovascular risk factors, to report the amplitude of changes under antihypertensive treatment in clinical trials and to detail the prognostic values of changes. Since PWV and cBP are two parameters strongly linked by their interdependency for the haemodynamic status of hypertensive patients, they will be addressed in parallel.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ben-Shlomo Y, Spears M, Boustred C, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity improves cardiovascular event prediction: an individual participant meta-analysis of prospective observational data from 17,635 subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:636–46.
Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, O’Rourke MF, Safar ME, Baou K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1865–71.
Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, Pannier B, Vlachopoulos C, Wilkinson I, Struijker-Boudier H. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological aspects and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2588–605.
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M, Christiaens T, Cifkova R, DeBacker G, Dominiczak A, Galderisi M, Grobbee DE, Jaarsma T, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Manolis AJ, Nilsson PM, Ruilope LM, Schmieder RE, Sirnes PA, Sleight P, Viigimaa M, Waeber B, Zannad F. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159–219.
Laurent S, Mousseaux E, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness as an imaging biomarker: are all pathways equal? Hypertension. 2013;62:10–2.
Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, et al.; on behalf of the Artery Society, the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Vascular Structure and Function and the European Network for Noninvasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. 2012;30:445–8.
McEniery C, Cockroft J, Roman M, Franklin S, Wilkinson I. Central blood pressure: current evidence and clinical importance. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:1719–925.
Giannatasio C, Laurent S. Central blood pressure. In: Mancia G, Grassi G, Redon J, editors. Textbook of hypertension. Informa Healthcare; 2014 London, UK.
Sharman JE, Laurent S. Value of central blood pressure in the management of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2013;27:405–11.
Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness’ Collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: ‘establishing normal and reference values’. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2338–50.
Herbert A, Cruickshank K, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, on behalf of The Reference Values for Arterial Measurements Collaboration. Establishing reference values for central blood pressure and its amplification in a general healthy population and according to cardiovascular risk-factors. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(44):3122–33.
Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Briet M, Reignault V, Stanton A, Laurent S, Mahmud A. Pharmacological modulation of arterial stiffness. Drugs. 2011;71:1689–701.
Ong KT, Delerme S, Pannier B, Safar M, Benetos A, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Aortic stiffness is reduced beyond blood pressure lowering by short- and long-term antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of individual data in 294 patients. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1034–42.
Ait-Oufella H, Collin C, Bozec E, Ong KT, Laloux B, Boutouyrie P, Laurent S. Long-term reduction in aortic stiffness: a 5.3-year follow-up in routine clinical practice. J Hypertens. 2010;28:2336–41.
Tropeano AI, Boutouyrie P, Pannier B, Joannides R, Balkestein E, Katsahian S, Laloux B, Thuillez C, Struijker-Boudier H, Laurent S. Brachial pressure-independent reduction in carotid stiffness after long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic hypertensives. Hypertension. 2006;48:80–6.
Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Dose-dependent arterial destiffening and inward remodeling after olmesartan in hypertensives with metabolic syndrome. Hypertension. 2014;64(4):709–16. pii: HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03282.
Protogerou AD, Stergiou GS, Vlachopoulos C, et al. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on central blood pressure beyond peripheral blood pressure. Part II: evidence for specific class-effects of antihypertensive drugs on pressure amplification. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15:272–89.
Guerin AP, Blacher J, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness attenuation on survival of patients in end-stage renal failure. Circulation. 2001;20(103):987–92.
Laurent S, Briet M, Boutouyrie P. Arterial stiffness and central pulse pressure as surrogate markers: needed clinical trials. Hypertension. 2012;60:518–22.
Sharman JE, Marwick TH, Gilroy D, Otahal P, Abhayaratna WP, Stowasser M, Value of Central Blood Pressure for GUIDing ManagEment of Hypertension Study Investigators. Randomized trial of guiding hypertension management using central aortic blood pressure compared with best-practice care: principal findings of the BP GUIDE study. Hypertension. 2013;62:1138–45.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Laurent, S., Boutouyrie, P. (2015). Pulse Wave Velocity and Central Blood Pressure. In: Agabiti Rosei, E., Mancia, G. (eds) Assessment of Preclinical Organ Damage in Hypertension. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15603-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15603-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15602-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15603-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)