Skip to main content
  • 2927 Accesses

Summary

Endodontics, since its inception, has resulted in numerous concepts, strategies and techniques for preparing canals. Over the decades, a staggering array of files has emerged for negotiating and shaping canals principally based on either stainless steel or nickel–titanium alloys. Manufacturers are constantly developing file systems intended to improve on previous generations with proven performance features based on past and recent technological advancement. The clinician must be able to justify the use of these systems based on scientifically proven evidence-based research and clinical outcomes. Changing instrumentation techniques, particularly if it is a radical departure from your usual technique, will require attendance on hands-on courses and vigorous laboratory testing, preferably on extracted teeth, followed by integration into daily practice following careful case selection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Council on Dental Materials and Devices. The American Dental Association, specification no 28 for endodontic files and reamers. J Am Dent Assoc. 1976;93:813–7.

    Google Scholar 

  2. ISO 3630–1. Dentistry – root-canal instrument – part 1: general requirements and test methods. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  3. ISO 3630–2. Dentistry – endodontic instruments – part 2: enlargers. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  4. ISO 3630–3. Dental root canal instruments – part 3: condensers, pluggers and spreaders. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment. Revised American National Standards Institute. American Dental Association specification no. 28 for endodontic files and reamers type K, 1981. J Am Dent Assoc 1982:104(4):506.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Council on Dental Materials Instruments and Equipment. Revised American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association No 28 for Endodontic Files and Reamers Type K and No. 58 for root canal files, type H (Hedstroem). J Am Dent Assoc. 1989;118:239–40.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cohen S, Burns RC. Pathways of the pulp. 6th ed. St Louis: The C.V Mosby Company; 1994. p. 379–413.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ingle JI, Bakland L. Endodontics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1994. p. 158–80.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Serene T, Loadholt C. Variations in same size endodontic files. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;57:200–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Stenman E, Spandberg LS. Root canal instruments are poorly standardized. J Endo. 1993;19(7):327–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Vessey RA. The effect of filing vs reaming on the shape of the prepared root canal. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1969;27(4):543–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wiene FS, Kelley RF, Lio PJ. The effect of preparation techniques on the original canal shape and its apical foramen. J Endo. 1975;1(8):255–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Gutmann JL, Dumsha TC, Lovdahl PE, Hovland EJ. Problem solving in endodontics. 3rd ed. Mosby: St Louis; 1997. p. 96–100, 117.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Beer R, Baumann MA, Kim S. Color atlas of dental medicine: endodontology. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2000. p. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  15. de Leon P, Del Bello T, Wang N, Roane JB. Crown-down tip design and shaping. J Endod. 2003;29:513–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dentsply United Kingdom. C+ Files. Available at: http://www.dentsplyrewards.co.uk/Handfiles/CPlusFiles. Accessed 28 July 2014.

  17. Wildey WL, Sennia ES. A new root canal instrument and instrumentation technique. A preliminary report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;67(2):198–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Haapasalo M, Shen Y. Evolution of nickel-titanium instruments: from past to future. Endo Topics. 2013;29:3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Young GR, Parashos P, Messer HH. The principles of techniques for cleaning root canals. Aust Dent J. 2007;S2(1 Suppl):S52–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Thompson SA. An overview of nickel-titanium instruments alloys used in dentistry. Int Endod J. 2000;33:297–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Thompson SA, Dummer PMH. Shaping ability of ProFile. 04 Taper Series 29 rotary nickel-titanium instruments in simulated root canals. Part 1. Int Endod J. 1997;30(1):1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hsu Y-Y. The ProFile system. Dent Clin North Am. 2004;48(1):69–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Thompson SA, Dummer PMH. Shaping ability of Lightspeed rotary nickel-titanium instruments in simulated root canals. Part 1. J Endod. 1997;23(11):698–702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Senia S, Wildey WL. The Lightspeed root canal instrumentation technique. Endod Top. 2005;10(1):148–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Buchanan LS. The standardized-taper root canal preparation – Part 1. Concepts for variably tapered shaping instruments. Int Endod J. 2000;33(6):516–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Buchanan LS. ProSystem GT: design, technique, and advantages. Endod Top. 2005;10(1):168–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Ruddle CJ. The protaper technique. Endod Top. 2005;10:187–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Gambarini G. The K3 rotary nickel titanium instrument system. Endod Top. 2005;10(1):179–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Baumann MA. Reamer with alternating cutting edges – concept and clinical application. Endod Top. 2005;10(1):176–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gao Y, Shotton V, Wilkinson K, Phillips G, Ben JW. Effects of raw material and rotational speed on the cyclic fatigue of ProFile Vortex rotary instruments. J Endod. 2010;36(7):1205–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Instructions for the use of Vortex Blue. Available at: http://www.tulsadentalspecialties.com/Libraries/Tab_Content_-_EndoSystems/TIPPFV11-10B_Vortex_Tip_Card.sflb.ashx. Accessed on 1 Aug 2014.

  32. Gambarini G, Grande NM, Plotino G, Somma F, Garala M, De Luca M, Testarelli L. Fatigue resistance of engine-driven rotary nickel-titanium instruments produced by new manufacturing methods. J Endod. 2008;34(8):1003–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Instructions for the use of the Twisted file system. Available at: http://www.sybronendo.com/cms-filesystem-action?file=SybronEndo-PDF/tf-tech-card.pdf. Accessed on 1 Aug 2014.

  34. Webber J, Machtou P, Pertot W, Kuttler S, Ruddle C, West J. The WaveOne single-file reciprocating system. Roots. 2011;1:28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Metzger Z, Kfir A, Abramovitz I, Weissman A, Solomanov M. The self-adjusting file system. ENDO – Endodontic Practice Today. 2013;7:189–210.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ruddle CJ, Machtou P, West JD. The shaping movement 5th generation technology. Dent Today. 2013;32(4):96–9.

    Google Scholar 

  37. West JD. Endodontic Glidepath: “secret to rotary safety”. Dent Today. 2010;29:86–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Instructions for the use of Pathfiles. Available at: http://www.tulsadentalspecialties.com/Libraries/Tab_Content_-_Endo_Access_Shaping/PathFile_TIPcard_2-24-10_1.sflb.ashx. Accessed on 1 Aug 2014.

  39. Instructions for the use of ProGlider. Available at: http://www.tulsadentalspecialties.com/Libraries/Tab_Content_-_Endo_Access_Shaping/ProGlider_Tip_Card.sflb.ashx. Accessed on 1 Aug 2014.

  40. Berutti E, Cantatore G, Castellucci A, Chiandussi G, Pera F, Migliaretti G, Pasqualini D. Use of nickel-titanium rotary PathFile to create the glide path: comparison with manual preflaring in simulated root canals. J Endod. 2009;35(3):408–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gambarini G. Rationale for the use of low torque endodontic motors in root canal instrumentation. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000;16:95–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kim S, Baek S. The microscope and endodontics. Dent Clin N Am. 2004;48(1):11–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Park E. Ultrasonics in endodontics. Endod Top. 2013;29(1):125–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Eliyas S, Vere J, Ali Z, Harris I. Micro-surgical endodontics. Br Dent J. 2014;216(4):169–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Patel, B. (2015). Endodontic Armamentarium. In: Endodontic Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment Planning. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15591-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15591-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15590-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15591-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics