Abstract
Several publications have been made regarding the state of the environment in cities, especially in light of new challenges such as climate change [1–6]. In particular the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) speaks about the urgent need to build resilient cities to natural hazards and prioritizes the development of resilience plans by local authorities, especially with respect to climate change and the associated impacts to local societies [3]. In the same wavelength, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) [5] refers to the increasing burden to local societies due to climate change and claims that the occurrence of extreme weather events, with the potential to affect cities, has not only increased since its latest assessment [4], but is also estimated to further increase in the following years. IPCC [5] also refers to the impacts of climate change to cities, mostly in terms of the increase of temperature, as well as of the occurrence of tropical days and heat waves. The European Environment Agency (EEA) in its publication on the impacts of climate change [6] also refers to the impact of climate change in the European continent and combines the increase of heat waves in Europe and the spatial and temporal enhancement of thermal heat islands in several European cities, to the urbanization trend in Europe (80 % of the population is expected to live in cities by 2020), and to the vulnerability of the population, especially elderly people.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives.: http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/resilient-cities-hub-site/about-the-global-forum/resilient-cities-2011/ (2011)
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives.: http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/resilient-cities-hub-site/about-the-global-forum/resilient-cities-2012/ (2012)
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives.: http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/resilient-cities-hub-site/about-the-global-forum/resilient-cities-2013/ (2013)
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change.: In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K., Reisinger, A. (eds.) Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 104. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland (2007)
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change.: Climate Change 2013 The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (2013)
European Environment Agency.: Climate Change, Impacts and Vulnerability in Europe 2012 an Indicator-Based Report, Report No 12/2012, p. 300 (2012)
Pickett, S.T.A., Cadenasso, M.L., Grove, J.M.: Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic and planning realms. Landsc. Urban Plann. 69, 369–384 (2003)
Cartalis, C.: Towards resilient cities – a review of definitions, challenges and prospects, advances in building energy research. (2014)
OECD: Environmentally Sustainable Buildings: Challenges and Policies. OECD, Paris (2003)
Berkowitz, A.R., Nilon, C.H., Hollweg, K.S. (eds.): A New Frontier for Science and Education. Springer, New York (2003)
European Commission: An EU strategy on adaptation to climate change. COM 216, 11 (2013). Final
European Environment Agency.: Adaptation in Europe – Addressing Risks and Opportunities from Climate Change in the Context of Socio-Economic Developments, Report No 3/2013, p. 136, (2013)
Tyler, S., Reed, S., Maclune, K., Chopde, S.: Planning for urban climate resilience: framework and examples from the Asian cities climate change resilience network, Boulder, ISET Working Paper, p. 68, (2010)
Baccini, M., Biggeri, A., Accetta, G., Kosatsky, T., Katsouyanni, K., Analitis, A., Anderson, H.R., Bisanti, L., D’Ippoliti, D., Danova, J.: Heat effects on mortality in 15 European cities. Epidemiology 19, 711–719 (2008)
Confalonieri, U., Menne, B., Akhtar, R., Ebi, K.L., Hauengue, M., Kovats, R.S., Revich, B., Woodward, A.: Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., Hanson, C.E. (eds.) Human Health. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, pp. 391–431. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2007)
Laurent, F., Cassadou, S., Médina, S., Fabres, P., Lefranc, A., Eilstein, D., Le Tertre, A., Pacsal, L., Chardon, B., Blanchard, M., Declercq, C., Jusot, J.F., Prouvost, H., Ledran, M.: The relation between temperature, ozone, and mortality in nine French cities during the heat wave of 2003. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(9), 1344–1347 (2006)
Hemon, D., Jugla, E.: The heat wave in France in August 2003. Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique 52(1), 3–5 (2004)
Santamouris, M., Argiroudis, K., Georgiou, M., Livada, I., Doukas, P., Assimakopoulos, M.N., Sfakianaki, A., Pavlou, K., Geros, V., Papaglastra, M.: Indoor air quality in fifty residences in Athens. Int. J. Vent. 5(4), 367–380 (2007)
Henstra, D., Kovacs, P., McBean, G., Sweeting, R.: Background Paper on Disaster Resilient Cities. Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, Toronto/London, ON (2004). http://www.dmrg.org/resources/Henstra.et.al-Background
Santamouris, M. (ed.): Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environment. James and James Science Publishers, London (2001)
Mihalakakou, G., Santamouris, M., Papanikolaou, N., Cartalis, C., Τsagrassoulis, A.: Simulation of the urban heat island phenomenon in Mediterranean climates. J. Pure Appl. Geophys. 161, 429–451 (2004)
Stathopoulou, M., Synnefa, A., Cartalis, C., Santamouris, M., Karlessi, T., Akbari, H.: A surface heat island study of Athens using high resolution satellite imagery and measurements of the optical and thermal properties of commonly used building and paving materials. Int. J. Sustain. Energ. 28, 59–76 (2009)
Lo, C.P., Quattrochi, D.A.: Land-use and land cover change, urban heat island phenomenon, and health implications: a remote sensing approach. Photogramm. Eng. Rem. Sens. 69, 1053–1063 (2003)
Statophoulou, M., Cartalis, C., Keramitsoglou, I.: Thermal Remote Sensing of Thom’s Discomfort Index (DI): Comparison with In Situ Measurements. SPIE Symposium, Brugges (2005)
Stathopoulou, M., Cartalis, C., Chrysoulakis, N.: Using midday surface temperature to estimate cooling degree-days from NOAA-AVHRR thermal infrared data: an application for Athens, Greece. Sol. Energ. 80, 414–422 (2005)
Polydoros, A., Cartalis, C.: Assessing thermal risk in urban areas – an application for the urban agglomeration of Athens. Adv. Build. Energ. Res. (2014)
Santamouris, M., Kolokotsa, D.: On the impact of urban overheating and extreme climatic conditions on housing energy comfort and environmental quality of vulnerable population in Europe. Energ. Build. In Press (2014)
Sakka, A., Santamouris, M., Livada, I., Nicols, F., Wilson, M.: On the thermal performance of low income housing during heat waves. Energ. Build. 49, 69–77 (2012)
Santamouris, M., Paraponiaris, K., Mihalakakou, G.: Estimating the ecological footprint of the heat island effect over Athens. Greece Clim. Change 80, 265–276 (2007)
Santamouris, M., Cartalis, C., Synnefa, A., Kolokotsa, D.: On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings – a review. Energ. Build. In Press (2015)
Santamouris, M.: On the energy impact of urban overheating on buildings. Energ. Build. 82, 100–113 (2014)
Hallegate, S., Henriet, F., Corfee-Morlot, J.: The economics of climate change impacts and policy benefits at city scale: a conceptual framework, Environment Working Paper, No. 4, OECD, Paris (2008)
OECD.: Cities, climate change and multilevel governance, Environmental Working Papers, OECD, Paris (2009)
Santamouris, M., Adnot, G. (eds.): Cooling the Cities, Editions des Ecoles des Mines, Paris. Distributed by Eyrolles, France (2004)
Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Kolokotsa, D., Dimitriou, V., Apostolakis, K.: Passive cooling of the built environment – use of innovative reflective materials to fight heat island and decrease cooling needs. Int. J. Low Carbon Tech. 3(2), 71–82 (2008)
Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Karlessi, T.: Using advanced cool materials in the urban built environment to mitigate heat islands and improve thermal comfort conditions. Sol. Energ. 85, 3085–3102 (2011)
Synnefa, A., Santamouris, M., Livada, I.: A study of the thermal performance of reflective coatings for the urban environment. Sol. Energ. 80(8), 968–981 (2006)
Synnefa, A., Santamouris, M., Apostolaki, K.: On the development, optical properties and thermal performance of cool colored coatings for the urban environment. Sol. Energ. 81, 488–497 (2007)
Kolokosta, D., Santamouris, M., Zerefos, S.C.: Green and cool roofs’ urban heat island mitigation potential in European climates for office buildings under free floating conditions. Sol. Energ. 95, 118–130 (2013)
Karlessi, T., Santamouris, M., Apostolakis, K., Synnefa, A., Livada, I.: Development and testing of thermochromic coatings for buildings and urban structures. Sol. Energ. 83(4), 538–551 (2009)
Karlessi, T., Santamouris, M., Synnefa, A., Assimakopoulos, D., Didaskalopoulos, P., Apostolakis, K.: Development and testing of PCM doped cool colored coatings to mitigate urban heat island and cool buildings. Build. Environ. 46(3), 570–576 (2011)
Santamouris, M.: Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island — a review of the actual developments. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 26, 224–240 (2013)
Santamouris, M., Gaitani, N., Spanou, A., Saliari, M., Gianopoulou, K., Vasilakopoulou, K.: Using cool paving materials to improve microclimate of urban areas – design realisation and results of the Flisvos project. Build. Environ. 53, 128–136 (2012)
Santamouris, M.: Cooling the cities – a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Sol. Energ. 103, 682–703 (2014)
Sfakianaki, E., Pagalou, E., Pavlou, K., Santamouris, M., Assimakopoulos, M.N.: Theoretical and experimental analysis of the thermal behaviour of a green roof system installed in two residential buildings in Athens, Greece. Int. J. Energ. Res. 33(12), 1059–1069 (2009)
Skoulika, F., Santamouris, M., Boemi, N., Kolokotsa, D.: On the thermal characteristics and the mitigation potential of a medium size urban park in Athens, Greece. Landsc. Urban Plann. 123, 73–86 (2014)
Santamouris, M., Kolokotsa, D.: Passive cooling dissipation techniques for buildings and other structures: the state of the art review article. Energ. Build. 57, 74–94 (2013)
Fintikakis, N., Gaitani, N., Santamouris, M., Assimakopoulos, M., Assimakopoulos, D.N., Fintikaki, M., Albanis, G., Papadimitriou, K., Chryssochoides, E., Katopodi, K., Doumas, P.: Bioclimatic design of open public spaces in the historic centre of Tirana, Albania Original Research Article. Sustain. Cities Soc. 1(1), 54–62 (2011)
Chrysoulakis, N., Mitraka, Z., Stathopoulou, M., Cartalis, C.: A comparative analysis of the urban web of the greater Athens agglomeration for the last 20 years period on the basis of Landsat imagery. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 22, 2139–2144 (2013)
Kamal-Chaoui, L., Alexis, R. (eds.): Competitive Cities and Climate Change, OECD Regional Development Working Papers No 2, 2009, OECD Publishing (2009)
IEA.: World Energy Outlook 2009, OECD/IEA, Paris (2009)
Grazi, F., van den Bergh, J., van Ommeren, J.: An empirical analysis of urban form, transport and global warming. Energ. J. 29(4), 97–122 (2008)
Ruth, M., Coelho, D.: Understanding and managing the complexity of urban systems under climate change. Clim. Pol. 7, 317–336 (2007)
Council of Europe.: European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter (1983)
Churchmann, A.: Disentangling the concept of density. J. Plan. Lit. 13(4), 389–411 (1999)
Tyler, S., Reed, S., Maclune, K., Chopde, S.: Planning for urban climate resilience: framework and examples from the Asian cities climate change resilience network, Boulder, ISET Working Paper, p. 68 (2010)
Godschalk D.R.: Urban hazard mitigation: creating resilient cities. Plenary paper presented at the Urban Hazards Forum, John Jay College, City University of New York (2002). http://www.arch.columbia.edu/Studio/Spring2003/UP/Accra/links/GodshalkResilientCities.doc Accessed 22–24 Jan 2002
Santamouris, M., Paravantis, J.A., Founda, D., Kolokotsa, P., Michalakakou, A.M., Papadopoulos, N., Kontoulis, A., Tzavali, E., Stigka, K., Ioannidis, Z., Mexil, P., Matthiessen, A., Servou, E.: Financial crisis and energy consumption: a household survey in Greece. Energ. Build. 65, 477–487 (2013)
United Nations.: Cities and Climate Change: Policy Directions, Global Report on Human Settlements, United Nations Human Settlements Program, Earthscan, London (2011)
Stathopoulou, M., Iacovides S., Cartalis, C.: Quality of life in Metropolitan Athens. Using satellite and census data – comparison between 1991 and 2001. J. Heat Island Inst. Int. (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Santamouris, M., Cartalis, C. (2015). Building Resilient Cities to Climate Change. In: Rassia, S., Pardalos, P. (eds) Future City Architecture for Optimal Living. Springer Optimization and Its Applications, vol 102. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15030-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15030-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15029-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15030-7
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)