Skip to main content

Applying Pharmacoeconomics in Community and Hospital Pharmacy Research

  • Chapter
Pharmacy Practice Research Methods

Abstract

Increasing pressure on maximising the output from limited resources has forced health-care policy makers to use health economic evaluation tools to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of pharmacy services. Increasingly to evaluate these services, pharmacoeconomic evaluation is being used. This chapter introduces the concept of pharmacoeconomics and discusses different pharmacoeconomic methodologies. It also traverses literature covering economic evaluation studies in community and hospital pharmacy setting. The chapter discusses conducting economic evaluations and debates issues related to data sources, perspectives, costs, outcomes measures, sensitivity analysis and strengths, weaknesses and opportunities related to this research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aspinall SL, Smith KJ, Good CB et al (2013) Incremental cost effectiveness of pharmacist-managed erythropoiesis-stimulating agent clinics for non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 11(6):653–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avery AJ, Rodgers S, Cantrill JA et al (2012) A pharmacist-led information technology intervention for medication errors (PINCER): a multicentre, cluster randomised, controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet 379(9823):1310–1319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Branham AR, Katz AJ, Moose JS, Ferreri SP, Farley JF, Marciniak MW (2013) Retrospective analysis of estimated cost avoidance following pharmacist-provided medication therapy management services. J Pharm Pract 26(4):420–427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byford S, Raftery J (1998) Perspectives in economic evaluation. BMJ 316(7143):1529–1530

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2014) Fast stats-health expenditures. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/health-expenditures.htm Accessed 16 October 2014

  • Chan AL, Wang HY (2004) Pharmacoeconomic assessment of clinical pharmacist interventions for patients with moderate to severe asthma in outpatient clinics: experience in Taiwan. Clin Drug Investig 24(10):603–609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chisholm MA, Vollenweider LJ, Mulloy LL, Wynn JJ, Wade WE, DiPiro JT (2000) Cost-benefit analysis of a clinical pharmacist-managed medication assistance program in a renal transplant clinic. Clin Transplant 14(4 Pt 1):304–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang LC, Sutton JD, Henderson GT (1994) Impact of a clinical pharmacist on cost saving and cost avoidance in drug therapy in an intensive care unit. Hosp Pharm 29(3):215–218, 221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cies JJ, Varlotta L (2013) Clinical pharmacist impact on care, length of stay, and cost in pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Pediatr Pulmonol 48(12):1190–1194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Committee PBA (2014) Guidelines for preparing submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. http://www.pbac.pbs.gov.au/. Accessed 16 October 2014

  • Cooper JW Jr (1997) Consultant pharmacist drug therapy recommendations from monthly drug regimen reviews in a geriatric nursing facility: a two-year study and cost analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 1(3):181–184

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowper PA, Weinberger M, Hanlon JT et al (1998) The cost-effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist intervention among elderly outpatients. Pharmacotherapy 18(2):327–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowson K, Collette D, Dang M, Rittase N (2002) Transformation of a pharmacy department: impact on pharmacist interventions, error prevention, and cost. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 28(6):324–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desborough JA, Sach T, Bhattacharya D, Holland RC, Wright DJ (2012) A cost-consequences analysis of an adherence focused pharmacist-led medication review service. Int J Pharm Pract 20(1):41–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devlin JW, Holbrook AM, Fuller HD (1997) The effect of ICU sedation guidelines and pharmacist interventions on clinical outcomes and drug cost. Ann Pharmacother 31(6):689–695

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dranitsaris G, Warr D, Puodziunas A (1995) A randomized trial of the effects of pharmacist intervention on the cost of antiemetic therapy with ondansetron. Support Care Cancer 3(3):183–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond MFSM, Torrance GW, O'Brien BJ, Stoddart GL (2005) Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott RA, Putman K, Davies J, Annemans L (2014) A review of the methodological challenges in assessing the cost effectiveness of pharmacist Interventions. Pharmacoeconomics 32(12):1185–1199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray DR, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Chretien SD (2007) Cost-justification of a clinical pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. Ann Pharmacother 41(3):496–501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grindrod K, Sanghera N, Rahmaan I, Roy M, Tritt M (2013) Living MedsCheck: Learning how to deliver MedsCheck in community practice in Ontario. Can Pharm J (Ott) 146(1):33–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gyllensten H, Hakkarainen KM, Hagg S et al (2014) Economic impact of adverse drug events–a retrospective population-based cohort study of 4970 adults. PLoS One 9(3):e92061

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilleman DE, Faulkner MA, Monaghan MS (2004) Cost of a pharmacist-directed intervention to increase treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacotherapy 24(8):1077–1083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S et al (2013a) Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement. BMJ 346:f1049

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S et al (2013b) Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)–explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force. Value Health 16(2):231–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson T (2000) Cost estimates for hospital inpatient care in Australia: evaluation of alternative sources. Aust N Z J Public Health 24(3):234–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SG (2009) Improving cost-effectiveness of and outcomes from drug therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation in managed care: role of the pharmacist. J Manag Care Pharm 15(6 Suppl B):S19–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kane-Gill SL, Jacobi J, Rothschild JM (2010) Adverse drug events in intensive care units: risk factors, impact, and the role of team care. Crit Care Med 38(6 Suppl):S83–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klepser DG, Bisanz SE, Klepser ME (2012) Cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-provided treatment of adult pharyngitis. Am J Manag Care 18(4):e145–154

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp BJ, Mrsan M, Erstad BL, Duby JJ (2007) Cost implications of and potential adverse events prevented by interventions of a critical care pharmacist. Am J Health Syst Pharm 64(23):2483–2487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Locatelli I, Marazzi A (2013) Robust parametric indirect estimates of the expected cost of a hospital stay with covariates and censored data. Stat Med 32(14):2457–2466

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucca JM, Ramesh M, Narahari GM, Minaz N (2012) Impact of clinical pharmacist interventions on the cost of drug therapy in intensive care units of a tertiary care teaching hospital. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 3(3):242–247

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marciante KD, Gardner JS, Veenstra DL, Sullivan SD (2001) Modeling the cost and outcomes of pharmacist-prescribed emergency contraception. Am J Public Health 91(9):1443–1445

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez AS, Saef J, Paszczuk A, Bhatt-Chugani H (2013) Implementation of a pharmacist-managed heart failure medication titration clinic. Am J Health Syst Pharm 70(12):1070–1076

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason JM, Mason AR (2006) The generalisability of pharmacoeconomic studies: issues and challenges ahead. Pharmacoeconomics 24(10):937–945

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McBride P, Stone NJ, Blum CB (2014) Should family physicians follow the new ACC/AHA cholesterol treatment guideline? Yes: implementing the new ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline will improve cardiovascular Outcomes. Am Fam Physician 90(4):212–216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mutchie KD, Smith KA, MacKay MW, Marsh C, Juluson D (1979) Pharmacist monitoring of parenteral nutrition: clinical and cost effectiveness. Am J Hosp Pharm 36(6):785–787

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2014) Pharmaceutical expenditure per capita. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/pharmaceutical-expenditure-per-capita_pharmexpcap-table-en. Accessed 16 October 2014

  • Ottenbros S, Teichert M, de Groot R et al (2014) Pharmacist-led intervention study to improve drug therapy in asthma and COPD patients. Int J Clin Pharm 36(2):336–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perraudin C, Le Vaillant M, Pelletier-Fleury N (2013) Cost-Effectiveness of a Community Pharmacist-Led Sleep Apnea Screening Program - A Markov Model. PLoS One 8(6):e63894

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlins M, Barnett D, Stevens A (2010) Pharmacoeconomics: NICE's approach to decision-making. Br J Clin Pharmacol 70(3):346–349

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubio-Valera M, Bosmans J, Fernandez A et al (2013) Cost-effectiveness of a community pharmacist intervention in patients with depression: a randomized controlled trial (PRODEFAR Study). PLoS One 8(8):e70588

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez LA, Lee JT (2000) Applied pharmacoeconomics: modeling data from internal and external sources. Am J Health Syst Pharm 57(2):146–155, quiz 155-146

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saokaew S, Permsuwan U, Chaiyakunapruk N, Nathisuwan S, Sukonthasarn A, Jeanpeerapong N (2013) Cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-participated warfarin therapy management in Thailand. Thromb Res 132(4):437–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen L, Stokes JA, Purdie DM, Woodward M, Elliott R, Roberts MS (2004) Medication reviews in the community: results of a randomized, controlled effectiveness trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 58(6):648–664

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan Torres Edejer T, Baltussen R, Adam T et al (2003) Making Choices in Health: WHO guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. World Health Organisation, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Thavorn K, Chaiyakunapruk N (2008) A cost-effectiveness analysis of a community pharmacist-based smoking cessation programme in Thailand. Tob Control 17(3):177–182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Boven JF, Stuurman-Bieze AG, Hiddink EG, Postma MJ, Vegter S (2014) Medication monitoring and optimization: a targeted pharmacist program for effective and cost-effective improvement of chronic therapy adherence. J Manag Care Pharm 20(8):786–792

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstedt SM, Bladh L, Ramsberg J (2012) A cost-effectiveness analysis of an in-hospital clinical pharmacist service. BMJ Open 2:e000329

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weant KA, Armitstead JA, Ladha AM, Sasaki-Adams D, Hadar EJ, Ewend MG (2009) Cost effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist on a neurosurgical team. Neurosurgery 65(5):946–950, discussion 950-941

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaidi ST, Hassan Y, Postma MJ, Ng SH (2003) Impact of pharmacist recommendations on the cost of drug therapy in ICU patients at a Malaysian hospital. Pharm World Sci 25(6):299–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Syed Tabish Razi Zaidi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zaidi, S.T.R., Babar, ZUD. (2015). Applying Pharmacoeconomics in Community and Hospital Pharmacy Research. In: Babar, ZUD. (eds) Pharmacy Practice Research Methods. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14672-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14672-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Adis, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-14671-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-14672-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics