Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the diversity and functional traits of lianas in four tropical forest types of peninsular India. The work also intended to study the variation in the proportion of lianas with trees along an altitudinal gradient and to compare the functional traits of lianas and trees sharing similar environmental conditions. All lianas ≥ 1.5 cm diameter and trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height were measured and included the inventory. A total of 237 liana species were enumerated across the four forest types. The species richness of lianas per hectare was maximum at semi-evergreen forest (31 ± 5.3) and minimum at dry evergreen forest sites (21 ± 3.9). Semi-evergreen forest sites of Eastern Ghats also had the highest density (648 ± 152.7 ha−1) of liana stems and wet-evergreen forest sites of Western Ghats registered the lowest (261 ± 86.7 ha−1). Dry evergreen forest sites on the Coromandel Coast recorded the highest basal area (0.75 ± 0.44 m2 ha−1) and the above ground biomass (22.77 ± 19.1 Mg ha−1) of lianas across the study sites followed by the semi-evergreen forest sites (0.69 ± 0.3 m2 ha−1 and 10.01 ± 6.2 Mg ha−1). The proportion of liana species richness to total woody species decreased along the altitudinal gradient in the present study. Majority of lianas in the study sites were brevi-deciduous by plant type except in wet-evergreen forest sites. Stem twining was the chief climbing mechanism by species richness and scramblers formed the most abundant liana group by abundance. Majority of lianas had microphyllous leaves, whereas trees had mesophyllous leaves as their predominant leaf type. Flowers of SEF and SDF sites were mostly conspicuous, while the flowers of DEF sites were largely inconspicuous. Dispersal by animals (biotic) formed the major diaspore dispersal strategy of lianas in four tropical forest types of peninsular India.
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Appendix
Appendix
List of 237 liana species enumerated in peninsular Indian tropical forests with their distribution in different forest types (1 Wet evergreen forest (WEF), 2 Semi-evergreen forest (SEF), 3 Seasonally dry forest (SDF), 4 Dry evergreen forest (DEF) and their functional traits (Plant type: Bd brevi-deciduous, D deciduous, E evergreen. Climbing mechanism: St stem twiner, Tc tendril climber, Hc hook climber, SA scrambler-armed, SU scrambler-unarmed, Rc root climber. Leaf type: Mi microphyll (2.25–20.25 cm2), No notophyll (20.25–45 cm2), Me mesophyll (45–182.25 cm2), Ma macrophyll (182.25–1,640.2 cm2). Flower type: Cn conspicuous, Ic inconspicuous. Dispersal mode: Bi biotic, Ab abiotic).
Liana species | Family | Occurrence in WEF, SEF, SDF, DEF | Liana functional traits | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant type | Climbing mechanism | Leaf type | Flower type | Dispersal mode | |||
Abrus precatorius L. | Papilionaceae | 2,3,4 | D | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Acacia caesia (L) Willd. | Mimosaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Acacia canescens Grah. | Mimosaceae | 2 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Acacia columnaris Craib | Mimosaceae | 2 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Acacia hohenackeri Craib | Mimosaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd | Mimosaceae | 1,2,3 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. | Mimosaceae | 1,2 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Acacia torta Roxb. | Mimosaceae | 1,2,3 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) Wilde | Passifloraceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Adenia wightiana (Wall.ex Wight & Arn.) Engler | Passifloraceae | 4 | Bd | Tc | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G. Don var. lanceolata Hook. f. | Apocynaceae | 1,2 | Bd | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Aganosma cymosa (Roxb.) G.Don var. cymosa Hook. f. | Apocynaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang. ssp. hexapetalum (Lam.) Wang. | Alangiaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Bi |
Allophylus concanicus Radlk. | Sapindaceae | 1 | Bd | SU | Me | Ic | Bi |
Ampelocissus araneosa (Dalz. & Gibs.) Planch. | Vitaceae | 2 | D | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Ampelocissus arnottiana Planch. | Vitaceae | 3 | D | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Ampelocissus eriocladus (Wight & Arn.) Planch. | Vitaceae | 1 | D | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Ampelocissus tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch. | Vitaceae | 2,3,4 | D | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight | Menispermaceae | 1,2 | E | St | Me | Ic | Bi |
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex Graham | Ancistrocladaceae | 1 | E | HC | MA | CN | AB |
Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. | Apocynaceae | 1,2 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Anodendron rhinosporum Thw. | Apocynaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker-Gawl. | Convolvulaceae | 2 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Argyreia daltoni Clarke | Convolvulaceae | 2 | E | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Argyreia elliptica (Roth) Choisy | Convolvulaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Argyreia kleiniana (Roem. & Schultes) Raizada | Convolvulaceae | 2 | E | St | Me | Cn | Bi |
Argyreia pilosa Arn. | Convolvulaceae | 2 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Argyreia populifolia Choisy | Convolvulaceae | 1 | E | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Argyreia sericea Dalz. | Convolvulaceae | 3 | E | St | No | Cn | Bi |
Aristolochia indica L. | Aristolochiaceae | 3,4 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Aristolochia tagala Cham. | Aristolochiaceae | 2 | E | St | No | Cn | Ab |
Artabotrys zeylanicus J.D.Hook. & Thoms. | Annonaceae | 1 | E | Hc | Me | Cn | Bi |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. | Liliaceae | 4 | D | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Azima tetracantha Lam. | Salvadoraceae | 4 | E | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Basella alba L. | Basellaceae | 3 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn. | Caesalpiniaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Bragantia wallichii Br. | Aristolochiaceae | 1 | E | St | Me | Cn | Bi |
Bridelia scandens (Roxb.) Willd. | Euphorbiaceae | 1 | D | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Butea parviflora Roxb. | Papilionaceae | 1,2 | D | SU | Me | Ic | Ab |
Caesalpinia crista L. | Caesalpiniaceae | 2,3 | D | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. | Caesalpiniaceae | 1,2 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Calamus gamblei Becc.ex Becc. & J.D.Hook. | Arecaceae | 1 | E | Gc | Ma | Ic | Bi |
Calamus pseudo-tenuis Beccari ex Beccari & Hook. f. | Arecaceae | 1 | E | SA | Ma | Ic | Bi |
Calamus thwaitesii Becc. & J.D.Hook. | Arecaceae | 1 | E | Gc | Ma | Ic | Bi |
Calycopteris floribunda Lam. | Combretaceae | 1,4 | D | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. | Papilionaceae | 2,3,4 | D | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Cansjera rheedii Gmel. | Opiliaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Canthium angustifolium Roxb. | Rubiaceae | 1 | D | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Canthium rheedii DC. | Rubiaceae | 1 | D | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Capparis brevispina DC. | Capparaceae | 2,4 | E | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis divaricata Lam. | Capparaceae | 3,4 | E | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis fusifera Dunn | Capparaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis moonii Wight | Capparaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis rotundifolia Rottb. | Capparaceae | 4 | E | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis sepiaria L. var. retusella Thwaites | Capparaceae | 2 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis sepiaria L. var. sepiaria | Capparaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis shevaroyensis Sun.-Ragh. | Capparaceae | 1 | E | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Capparis zeylanica L. | Capparaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Carissa carandas L. | Apocynaceae | 2,3 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Carissa gangetica Stapf | Apocynaceae | 3 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Carissa inermis Vahl | Apocynaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Carissa paucinervia A. DC. | Apocynaceae | 2,3 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Carissa salicina Lam. | Apocynaceae | 3 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Carissa spinarum L. | Apocynaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Cayratia carnosa (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Gagnep | Vitaceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. | Vitaceae | 2 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cayratia pedata (Lam.) Juss.ex Gagnep. | Vitaceae | 1,2,4 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cayratia roxburghii (Wight & Arn.) Gagnep. | Vitaceae | 2 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cayratia sp. | Vitaceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cayratia tenuifolia (Wight &Arn.) Gagnep. | Vitaceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. | Celastraceae | 1,2,3 | D | SU | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Ceropegia thwaitesii J.D.Hook. | Asclepiadaceae | 1 | D | St | No | Cn | Ab |
Chilocarpus atrovirens (G.Don) Bl. | Apocynaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Bi |
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston | Apocynaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Cissus gigantea (Bedd.) Planch. | Vitaceae | 2 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cissus glauca Roxb. | Vitaceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cissus glyptocarpa (Thw.) Planch. | Vitaceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cissus heyneana (Wall. ex Lawson) Planch. | Vitaceae | 2,3 | D | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cissus quadrangularis L. | Vitaceae | 2,3,4 | E | Tc | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Cissus vitiginea L. | Vitaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | Tc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. | Ranunculaceae | 1,2 | D | SU | Me | Cn | Ab |
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. | Verbenaceae | 4 | Bd | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Coccinia indica (L.) Voigt | Cucurbitaceae | 3,4 | D | Tc | No | Cn | Bi |
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels | Menispermaceae | 2,3 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Combretum acuminatum Roxb. | Combretaceae | 2,3 | Bd | St | No | Ic | Ab |
Combretum albidum G. Don | Combretaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | St | No | Ic | Ab |
Combretum latifolium Bl. | Combretaceae | 1 | Bd | St | No | Ic | Ab |
Connarus sclerocarpus (Wight & Arn.) Schellenb. | Connaraceae | 1 | Bd | St | Ma | Ic | Bi |
Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Coleb. | Menispermaceae | 1 | E | St | Me | Ic | Bi |
Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wight | Asclepiadaceae | 1,2 | E | St | No | Cn | Ab |
Croton caudatus Geiseler | Euphorbiaceae | 1 | D | SU | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Cryptolepis buchanani Roemer & Schultes | Asclepiadaceae | 2 | Bd | St | No | Cn | Ab |
Dalbergia conjesta Graham ex Wight & Arn. | Papilionaceae | 2 | D | St | Me | Ic | Ab |
Dalbergia rubiginosa Roxb. | Papilionaceae | 1,2 | D | St | Me | Ic | Ab |
Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. | Asclepiadaceae | 2,3 | D | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Derris benthamii var. benthamii (Thw.) Thw. | Papilionaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Derris brevipes (Benth.) Baker | Papilionaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Derris heyneana (Wight & Arn.) Benth. | Papilionaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Derris ovalifolia (Wight & Arn.) Benth. | Papilionaceae | 4 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. | Papilionaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Derris thyrsiflora Benth. | Papilionaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Derris trifoliata Lour. | Papilionaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Desmos viridiflorus Saff. | Annonaceae | 2 | Bd | SU | No | Cn | Bi |
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. | Dioscoreaceae | 2 | D | St | Me | Ic | Ab |
Dioscorea oppositifolifa L. | Dioscoreaceae | 2,3,4 | D | St | No | Ic | Ab |
Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels | Menispermaceae | 1,2 | E | St | No | Ic | Bi |
Dolichos trilobus L. | Papilionaceae | 2 | D | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Ehretia canarensis (Clarke) Gamble | Boraginaceae | 1 | E | SU | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. | Elaeagnaceae | 1 | E | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Elaeagnus indica Servattaz | Elaeagnaceae | 1,2 | Bd | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Ellertonia rheedii Wight | Apocynaceae | 2 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Embelia basaal A.DC. | Myrsinaceae | 1,2 | E | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Embelia ribes Burm.f. | Myrsinaceae | 2 | Bd | SU | No | Ic | Bi |
Entada pursaetha DC. | Mimosaceae | 1,2 | E | SU | No | Cn | Hc |
Erycibe paniculata Roxb. | Convolvulaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Erythropalum populifolium (Arn.) Mast. | Erythropalaceae | 1 | E | St | Me | Ic | Bi |
Gloriossa superba L. | Liliaceae | 4 | E | Tc | Me | Cn | Bi |
Gnetum ula Brongn. | Gnetaceae | 1,2 | E | St | No | Ic | Bi |
Grewia flavescens Juss. | Tiliaceae | 2,3 | Bd | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Grewia heterotricha Mast. | Tiliaceae | 2 | Bd | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Grewia opposistifolia Buch. -Ham. | Tiliaceae | 2,3 | Bd | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Grewia rhamnifolia Heyne ex Roth | Tiliaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Gymnema elegans Wight & Arn. | Asclepiadaceae | 2 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Gymnema hirsutum Wight & Arn. | Asclepiadaceae | 2 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br.ex Schultes | Apocynaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Gymnema tingens (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. | Asclepiadaceae | 2 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Gymnopetalum cochinchinense Kurz | Cucurbitaceae | 1 | D | Tc | Me | Cn | Bi |
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. | Asclepiadaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Hippocratea bourdillonii Gamble | Hippocrateaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz | Malpighiaceae | 1,2,3 | Bd | SU | Me | Cn | Ab |
Hugonia ferruginea Wight & Arn. | Linaceae | 1 | Bd | Hc | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Hugonia mystax L. | Linaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | Hc | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. | Apocynaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Icnocarpus publiflorus Hook. f. | Apocynaceae | 2 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultes | Convolvulaceae | 2 | Bd | St | No | Cn | Ab |
Ipomoea staphylina Roem & Schultes | Convolvulaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. | Oleaceae | 1,2,3,4 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum auriculatum Vahl | Oleaceae | 2,3 | Bd | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum azoricum L. var. azoricum | Oleaceae | 1,2 | E | St | No | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum cuspidatum Rottl. | Oleaceae | 1,2 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum malabaricum Wight | Oleaceae | 2,3 | Bd | St | No | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr. | Oleaceae | 1,2,3 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum ritchiei Clarke | Oleaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum rottlerianum Wall. ex A.DC. | Oleaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. | Oleaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum scandens Vahl | Oleaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum sessiliflorum Vahl | Oleaceae | 2,3,4 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Jasminum trichotomum Heyne ex Roth | Oleaceae | 3 | Bd | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Kedrostis courtallensis (Arn.) Jeffrey | Cucurbitaceae | 2 | D | Tc | Me | Cn | Bi |
Kunstleria keralense Mohanan & Nair | Papilionaceae | 1 | E | St | Ma | Cn | Ab |
Lantana camara L. | Verbenaceae | 1,2,3 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Loeseneriella obtusifolia (Roxb.) A.C. Smith | Hippocrateaceae | 2,3 | Bd | SU | No | Ic | Ab |
Luvunga sarmentosa (Blume) Kurz | Rutaceae | 1 | E | SA | Me | Cn | Bi |
Maerua oblongifolia (Forsk.) A. Rich. | Capparaceae | 2,3 | Bd | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Marsdenia brunoniana Wt. & Arn. | Asclepiadaceae | 1,2 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon | Asclepiadaceae | 2 | E | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Maytenus heyneana (Roth) Raju & Babu | Celastraceae | 1,2 | D | SA | MI | IC | BI |
Maytenus royleanus (Wallich ex M. Lawson) M.A. Rau | Celastraceae | 2 | D | SA | MI | IC | BI |
Mimosa intsia L. | Mimosaceae | 1,2,3 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Morinda reticulata Gamble | Rubiaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Morinda umbellata L. | Rubiaceae | 1,2 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Moullava spicata (Dalz.) Nicolson | Caesalpiniaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Mucuna atropurpurea DC. | Papilionaceae | 1,2 | D | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. | Papilionaceae | 1,2 | D | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Mussaenda belilla Buch.-Ham. | Rubiaceae | 1 | E | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble | Rubiaceae | 2 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill | Oleaceae | 1 | E | SU | Me | Ic | Bi |
Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. | Ranunculaceae | 1,2 | D | Tc | No | Cn | Ab |
Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) Lackey | Papilionaceae | 2,3 | D | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Olax scandens Roxb. | Olacaceae | 1,4 | E | SU | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Opilia amentacea Roxb. | Opiliaceae | 1 | Bd | SU | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Miers ex Hook. | Menispermaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Paramignya armata (Thw.) Oliver | Rutaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Bi |
Paramignya beddomei Tanaka | Rutaceae | 2 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Paramignya monophylla Wight | Rutaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabberley | Apocynaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Cn | Ab |
Passiflora calcarata Mast. | Passifloraceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega | Passifloraceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. | Euphorbiaceae | 1,3 | Bd | SU | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham.ex D. Don | Piperaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Piper nigrum L. | Piperaceae | 1,2 | E | Rc | Me | Ic | Bi |
Piper sp. | Piperaceae | 1 | E | Rc | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Pisonia aculeata L. | Nyctaginaceae | 1,2,3 | Bd | SA | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Plecospermum spinosum Trecul | Moraceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Polygonum chinense L. | Polygonaceae | 1 | E | SU | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Pothos scandens L. | Araceae | 1 | E | Rc | Mi | Cn | Bi |
Premna corymbosa (Burm.f.) Rottl. & Willd. | Verbenaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | SU | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Premna sp. | Verbenaceae | 2 | Bd | SU | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Premna villosa Clarke | Verbenaceae | 1,2,3 | Bd | SU | Me | Ic | Bi |
Premna wightiana Schauer | Verbenaceae | 1,2 | Bd | SU | Me | Ic | Bi |
Pseudaidia speciosa (Bedd.) Tirveng. | Rubiaceae | 1,2 | E | St | Me | Cn | Bi |
Pterolobium hexapetalum (Roth) Sant. & Wagh. | Caesalpiniaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Pyrenacantha volubilis Wight | Icacinaceae | 4 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Reissantia indica (Willd.) Halle | Celastraceae | 3,4 | Bd | SU | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy | Convolvulaceae | 3,4 | Bd | St | No | Cn | Bi |
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston | Connaraceae | 1 | E | St | Ma | Cn | Bi |
Rubus ellipticus Smith | Rosaceae | 1,2 | E | SA | Me | Cn | Bi |
Rubus micropetalus Gard. | Rosaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | Me | Cn | Bi |
Rubus niveus Thunb. | Rosaceae | 2 | E | SA | Me | Cn | Bi |
Sageretia filiformis (Schult.) Don | Rhamnaceae | 1,2 | Bd | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Salacia beddomei Gamble | Celastraceae | 1 | E | St | Me | Ic | Bi |
Salacia chinensis L. | Celastraceae | 1,2,4 | Bd | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Salacia malabarica Gamble | Hippocrateaceae | 1 | E | SU | Me | Ic | Bi |
Salacia oblonga Wal. ex Wight & Arn. | Hippocrateaceae | 1 | Bd | SA | No | Ic | Bi |
Salacia sp. | Hippocrateaceae | 1 | E | St | Me | Ic | Bi |
Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt | Asclepiadaceae | 2,3,4 | E | SU | - | Cn | Ab |
Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn. | Icacinaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms. | Araliaceae | 1 | E | St | Ma | Ic | Bi |
Scutia myrtina (Brum.f.) Kurz | Rhamnaceae | 1,2,3,4 | E | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Secamone emetica (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schultes | Asclepiadaceae | 1,2,3,4 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Smilax perfoliata Lour. | Smilacaceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | No | Cn | Bi |
Smilax sp. | Liliaceae | 1 | Bd | Tc | No | Cn | Bi |
Smilax zeylanica L. | Liliaceae | 1,2 | Bd | Tc | No | Cn | Bi |
Solanum seaforthianum Andr. | Solanaceae | 2 | E | St | Me | Cn | Bi |
Strychnos dalzellii C.B. Clarke | Loganiaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Strychnos minor Dennst. | Loganiaceae | 4 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Strychnos vanprukii Craib | Loganiaceae | 1 | E | St | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Symphorema involucratum Roxb. | Verbenaceae | 4 | D | SU | No | Ic | Bi |
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston | Vitaceae | 1 | E | Tc | Ma | Ic | Bi |
Tetrastigma sulcatum (Lawson) Gamble | Vitaceae | 1 | E | Tc | Ma | Ic | Bi |
Tiliacora acuminata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. | Menispermaceae | 4 | D | St | Me | Ic | Bi |
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) J.D.Hook. & Thoms. | Menispermaceae | 1,2,3,4 | D | St | Me | Ic | Bi |
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. | Rutaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Trichosanthes anaimalaiensis Bedd. | Cucurbitaceae | 1,2 | D | Tc | Me | Cn | Bi |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. | Cucurbitaceae | 4 | E | Tc | Me | Cn | Bi |
Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. | Asclepiadaceae | 1,4 | E | St | No | Ic | Ab |
Tylophora subramanii Henry | Asclepiadaceae | 2 | Bd | St | No | Cn | Ab |
Unona viridiflora Bedd. | Annonaceae | 1 | E | SU | Me | Cn | Bi |
Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. ex Wight | Annonaceae | 1 | E | SU | No | Cn | Bi |
Ventilago bombaiensis Dalz. | Rhamnaceae | 1 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Ventilago goughii Gamble | Rhamnaceae | 2 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn. | Rhamnaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | St | Mi | Ic | Ab |
Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) T. Cooke | Asclepiadaceae | 2,3,4 | Bd | St | Me | Cn | Ab |
Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight | Rutaceae | 1,2 | E | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Zanthoxylum tetraspermum Wight & Arn. | Rutaceae | 1,2 | E | SA | Me | Cn | Ab |
Ziziphus horrida Roth. | Rhamnaceae | 2,3 | Bd | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. | Rhamnaceae | 1,2,3,4 | Bd | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. | Rhamnaceae | 1,2 | Bd | SA | Mi | Ic | Bi |
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Parthasarathy, N., Vivek, P., Muthumperumal, C., Muthuramkumar, S., Ayyappan, N. (2015). Biodiversity of Lianas and Their Functional Traits in Tropical Forests of Peninsular India. In: Parthasarathy, N. (eds) Biodiversity of Lianas. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14592-1_8
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