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The Intellectual History of Culture and Development Institutions

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Culture, Diversity and Heritage: Major Studies

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice ((BRIEFSTEXTS,volume 12))

Abstract

This chapter will discuss the intellectual debates on culture that have influenced development institutions and programs. A first word of caution is warranted in that culture, the concept of many meanings, is used not only to describe certain kinds of empirical phenomena but also to evoke sentiments of ancestry, political loyalty and emotional attachment. Culture then becomes a very sensitive issue in politics and policy debates, as anyone who has dealt with develop programs will know. This helps explain the polarized views on culture expressed in the past fifty years that see it alternately as a positive or as a negative driving force in development.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This text was originally published as “The Intellectual History of Culture and Development Institutions”, in: Viajayendra, Rao; Walton, Michael (Eds.): Culture and Public Action (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2004): 163–184. Permission was granted on 18 May 2013 by Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, USA and by the World Bank on 10 June 2013.

  2. 2.

    For an excellent history of UN development ideas see Emmerij/Jolly/Weiss (2001).

  3. 3.

    Karl Marx, however, used the term culture with different connotations. In the Grundrisse he referred to culture as the ‘superstructure’ of society, tied to changes determined by shifts in the structure of the relations of production. In other writings, instead, he implied that culture was the ‘cement’ or ‘glue’ that was necessary to bind social institutions (Marx/Engels 1985).

  4. 4.

    Rodolfo Stavenhagen’s writings on Indian peoples is vast. His earliest work was Stavenhagen (1968), his latest is Stavenhagen (2001).

  5. 5.

    The first comprehensive discussion of this field of studies can be found in Basch/Glick/Szanton (1994); a useful reader is Vertovec/Cohen (1999).

  6. 6.

    Among them Keith Griffin, Niki Goulandris, Yoro K. Fall, Celso Furtado, Elizabeth Jelin, Mahbub ul Haq, Nikita Mikhalkov, Leila Takla; honorary members: Claude Lévi-Strauss, Aung Sang Suu Kyi, Elie Wiesel. Lourdes Arizpe, also a member of the Commission and, at that time, UNESCO Assistant-Director General for Culture, was in charge of the Secretariat for the Commission. Raj Isar was Secretary to the Commission. The Commission adopted an active international approach holding nine regional meetings around the world. At each one, local experts, social scientists, policy-makers, artists, cultural policy, and development experts and NGO activists presented their own concerns and ideas. Drawing from these contributions, and from commissioned papers, the Commission has tested its own questions and explored a series of ‘lines of inquiry’ consolidating some, abandoning others, and opening up paths not originally envisaged.

  7. 7.

    A Scientific Committee supervised the making of the World Culture Reports: Chair, Lourdes Arizpe. Members: Louis Emmerj, Keith Griffin, Yoro K. Fall, Elizabeth Jelin, Mohan Rao, Paul Streeten, David Throsby. Executive Director: Ann-Belinda S. Preis. Researchers: Paula Leoncini and Isabelle Vinson.

  8. 8.

    “The Loss of Diversity”, in: The Economist, 8 December 2001: 3.

  9. 9.

    World Bank ‘Voices of the Poor’ study; at: <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20622514~menuPK:336998~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html> (accessed 1 April 2014).

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  1. Regional Multidisciplinary Research Centre, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

    Lourdes Arizpe

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Arizpe, L. (2015). The Intellectual History of Culture and Development Institutions. In: Culture, Diversity and Heritage: Major Studies. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice(), vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13811-4_5

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