Abstract
This chapter introduces the Standard Model (SM), and a brief overview of proton-proton collisions.
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Notes
- 1.
The advantage of this can be seen when considering Einstein’s famous equation \(E=mc^2\). A particle of rest mass \(m= 1~\text{GeV}/c^2\) has a rest energy of \(E =1\;\text{GeV}\).
- 2.
With the exception of neutrinos, which are known to have very small yet unknown absolute masses.
- 3.
In particle physics, when dealing with charge, it is common to work in units of fundamental charge, e, which has as value \(1.602\times10^{-19}\;\text{C}\).
- 4.
Massless particles have two polarizations, in the transverse plane. Massive particles, however, have an additional polarization, in the longitudinal direction.
- 5.
Four-momentum is simply an extension of the classical three-dimensional momentum, \(\mathbf{p}=(p_x,p_y,p_z)\), to also contain energy, \(p_\mu\equiv(E,\mathbf{p})=(E,p_x,p_y,p_z)\).
- 6.
Q 2 by definition is equal to -t, where t is another Mandelstam variable, defined as \(t\equiv(p^A_{\mu,i}+p^A_{\mu,f})^2=(E_{A,i}+E_{A,f})^2-(\mathbf{p_{A,i}}+\mathbf{p_{A,f}})^2\), where the variables are now the initial and final energies and momenta of the same article. This is essentially a measure of momentum transfer in a collision, where a “soft”, glancing collision leads to a small Q 2, whereas a “hard”, more direct collision leads to a larger Q 2.
- 7.
Minimum bias events are ones that would be collected with a totally inclusive trigger, and would include both diffractive and non-diffractive events. Diffractive events occur when the protons are not, or just barely, broken up; non-diffractive events occur when the protons are broken up and hit the detector. Diffractive events are experimentally difficult to measure, thus most minimum bias events are inelastic non-diffractive collisions.
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Ouellette, E. (2015). Theory. In: Search for the Higgs Boson in the Vector Boson Fusion Channel at the ATLAS Detector. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13599-1_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13599-1_2
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