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Characterization of Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles

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Abstract

In recent years, engineered nanoparticles have garnered increasing attention due to their potential for application in areas ranging from consumer and industrial products to medical diagnostics and therapeutics. This potential arises from the unique physical and chemical properties associated with the high surface-to-mass ratio and quantum phenomena of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are in the same size range as many biomolecules such as proteins and membrane receptors, and their interactions with these biomolecules can be controlled by tuning the surface property/composition of the nanoparticles. Thus, nanoparticles can serve as useful imaging, diagnostic and therapeutic agents. On the other hand, these nanoparticles can also give rise to cytotoxic effects. Hence, it is imperative to carry out detailed characterization of engineered nanoparticles, especially those intended for medical applications, to predict their behavior in the in vivo environment. This chapter describes some methods that are useful for characterizing nanoparticles and their advantages, limitations, and challenges.

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Abbreviations

AES:

Auger electron spectroscopy

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

ATP:

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate

ATR-FTIR:

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

CLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscope

DCS:

Differential centrifugal sedimentation

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

ELS:

Electrophoretic light scattering

ESCA:

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

HPG:

Hyperbranched polyglycerol

HRMAS NMR:

High resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

ICP:

Inductively coupled plasma

ICP-MS:

ICP-mass spectrometry

ICP-OES:

ICP-optical emission spectrometry

INT:

2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride

ITC:

Isothermal titration calorimetry

LEIS:

Low-energy ion scattering

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

MTS:

5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-3-(4-sulfophenyl) tetrazolium inner salt

MTT:

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide

MTX:

Methotrexate

NAD+ :

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH:

Reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

NTA:

Nanoparticle tracking analysis

PAN:

Polyacrylonitrile

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PDI:

Polydispersity index

ppb:

Parts per billion

ppm:

Parts per million

ppt:

Parts per trillion

RES:

Reticuloendothelial system

RF:

Radiofrequency

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

STM:

Scanning tunneling microscopy

SWCNTs:

Single-walled carbon nanotubes

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TOF-SIMS:

Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry

WST-1:

2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium

WSTs:

Water-soluble tetrazolium salts

XPS:

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XTT:

2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide inner salt

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore

    Koon Gee Neoh ScD, Min Li PhD & En-Tang Kang PhD

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  1. Koon Gee Neoh ScD
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  2. Min Li PhD
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Correspondence to Koon Gee Neoh ScD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Sciences Discipline of Endodontics, University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Anil Kishen

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Neoh, K.G., Li, M., Kang, ET. (2015). Characterization of Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles. In: Kishen, A. (eds) Nanotechnology in Endodontics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13575-5_3

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