Abstract
Is the present the key to the past in evaporite studies? It’s part of a broader question that has plagued geologists working with salts since the seventeenth century, when Werner’s Neptunist postulates explained world geology (including igneous strata) as layered precipitates from cooling oceanic waters. And, like Werner’s Scottish antagonists, we are still discussing the merits of strict uniformitarianism. In this chapter I am not questioning the fundamental principle of using present-day process studies to interpret the past. Nor am I questioning the utility of detailed studies of process analogs and the use of physical constants to reliably interpret the past. Let me put it plainly for the creationist community and proponents of “intelligent design,” all the geological evidence clearly shows the earth is not 8,000, but more than 4 billion years old. Biological evolution is fact, it interacts with and responds to the physical environment and has been in operation on the earth’s surface for at least the past 3.45 billion years. There is no need to invoke the supernatural and sky faeries to explain biological evolution and other earth processes, and there is no geological evidence for a worldwide biblical flood of epic proportions drowning mankind and covering all the land.
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- 1.
Prior to 2009 the proposed base of the Pleistocene (Quaternary was at 1.805 Mya, long after the start of the major glaciations of the northern hemisphere. The ICS (International Commission on Stratigraphy) then proposed to abolish use of the name Quaternary altogether, which appeared unacceptable to the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). In 2009, it was decided to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2.588 Mya and including the Gelasian stage, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch.
- 2.
Major climatic cycles are possibly related to plate tectonics; every time the continents are pulled apart huge quantities of volcanic water, carbon dioxide and methane are released into the atmosphere and greenhouse climates prevail on Earth. On the other hand, when continents come together and mountain ranges are created, the mountains are eroded, new soils form and remove CO2 from the atmosphere, these soils are also eroded and the CO2 becomes locked in ocean floor sediments. So when atmospheric CO2 is low, glaciation occurs (as in the Late Ordovician about 440 mya and in the Permo-Carboniferous at about 310–270 mya.)
- 3.
The term “marine-fed” refers to the dominant source of the inflowing groundwaters at the time the evaporites are deposited, not to the presence of a hydrographic connection to the ocean, which these deposits typically lack.
- 4.
A widely accepted definition of the term “supercontinent” is that it describes an assembly into a single landmass of all, or nearly all, the Earth’s continental blocks (Bradley 2011).
- 5.
Rodinia, is generally regarded as having been assembled near the end of the Mesoproterozoic and disassembled in stages during the Neoproterozoic. Reconstructions of Rodinia are notable for their lack of agreement (Bradley 2011), but published assessments of Rodinia’s dates are in general agreement. It was assembled between 1,300 and 950 Ma, lasted from 950 to 850 Ma, and was disassembled from 850 to 600 Ma.
Whether or not the next youngest continental assemblage in deep time–Gondwana– qualifies as a supercontinent depends on the definition of a supercontinent (what does “nearly all” mean as used in the definition of a supercontinent – see footnote 5.4). Gondwana consisted of all the cratons now in South America, Antarctica, Africa, Arabia, India, and Australia, as well as microcontinents in the Appalachian and Paleotethyan realms. Its fit is well constrained because the now-dispersed pieces can be brought together by closing the modern South Atlantic, Indian, and Southern Oceans; this is essentially the southern half of the Pangaea fit. The collisional assembly of Gondwana spans the interval 690 to 530 Ma, and it remained intact as the southern portion of Pangaea until it began to break up around 300 Ma when it was re-established as Gondwana, a separate large landmass south of Laurasia (Table 5.7).
- 6.
Eustatic change (as opposed to local change) results in a worldwide alteration to the global sea levels due to changes in either the volume of water in the world oceans or net changes in the volume of the ocean basins.
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Warren, J.K. (2016). Ancient Basins and Stratigraphic Evolution. In: Evaporites. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13512-0_5
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