Abstract
Free radicals have been shown to be involved in various ENT pathology conditions. While it is widely recognized that excessive amounts free radicals, including reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and reactive nitrogen species (RNSs), can be harmful and damage cell structures, in strong contrast, at low concentrations they can act as cellular and intracellular signaling molecules that facilitate normal biological processes. Current understanding of the involvement of free radicals in pathology suggests that antioxidant therapy through attenuating free radicals may be important to optimize treatment. Some studies in animal models and human subjects, however, have been less conclusive. This raises the concern that the complexities of free-radical biology and antioxidant treatments as well as practical variations of human participants may make it impossible to study single effects of antioxidant compounds. Physical exercise and a healthy diet that includes a high intake of natural complex antioxidant mixtures, for example, may influence the effects of antioxidant supplementation. Moreover, antioxidants are vulnerable to rapid changes in oxygenation (ischemia/reperfusion), light, temperature, and, most importantly, redox-active transition metals, which could act as prooxidants under certain conditions, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Abbreviations
- 8-oxodGuo:
-
8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine
- 8-oxoGuo:
-
8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-guanosine
- ADP:
-
Adenosine diphosphate
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- EC:
-
Epicatechin
- ECG:
-
Epicatechin gallate
- EGC:
-
Epigallocatechin
- EGCG:
-
Epigallocatechin gallate
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ESR:
-
Electron spin resonance
- GC/MS:
-
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- GPX:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- NADP:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- RNSs:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROSs:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SODs:
-
Superoxide dismutases
- TBAR:
-
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
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Xu, J., Leeuwenburgh, C. (2015). Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress: Basic Concepts and Misconceptions. In: Miller, J., Le Prell, C., Rybak, L. (eds) Free Radicals in ENT Pathology. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13473-4_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13473-4_2
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