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Appetite: Inhibiting Properties of Proteins

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Obesity and Diabetes

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Abstract

Diets rich in proteins promote long-term body weight loss by increasing satiation with a greater effect than carbohydrates and fats. l-glutamate that imparts umami or savory taste is thought to be a signal for protein consumption and may promote the satiating effect of proteins. The ingestion of proteins results in the release of anorexigenic gut neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, glucagon peptide 1, and peptide YY that transmit satiety signals to the brain steam via vagal afferent pathways. Gut neuropeptides come from enteroendocrine cells disseminated throughout the alimentary canal. They express chemosensing receptors in the apical membrane that can detect the presence of peptone and single amino acids in the luminal content. High-protein diets convey stronger AA-satiating signals to the brainstem and arcuate nucleus. They also reduce hedonic responses in the reward system. This chapter reviews the gustatory perception of single amino acids in the mouth and their distribution of AA sensors in the gastrointestinal tract including a short overview on their contribution in the integration of protein-satiety signals in the brain.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

Serotonin

AAs:

Amino acids

AMP-APK:

AMP-activated protein kinase signaling

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus

BW:

Body weight

CaSR:

Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor

CCK:

Cholecystokinin

DAAs:

Dispensable amino acids

DEE:

Diet-induced energy expenditure

EC:

Enterochromaffin cells

FFM:

Fat free mass

GCN2:

General control non-repressed 2

GI:

Gastrointestinal

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide 1

GMP:

Guanosine-5′-monophosphate

GPCR:

G-protein-coupled receptor

GPR92:

G-protein-coupled receptor 92

GPRC6A:

GPCR family C subtype 6A

IAAs:

Indispensable amino acids

IMP:

Inosine-5′-monophosphate

mGluRs:

Metabotropic glutamate receptors

MSG:

Monosodium glutamate

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

NST:

Nucleus of the solitary tract

POMC:

Peptide pro-opiomelanocortin

PYY:

Peptide YY

T1Rs:

Taste receptor type 1

TRCs:

Taste receptor cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 15-1, Kyobashi 1-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8315, Japan

    Ana San Gabriel

  2. Department of Life Sciences and Health, AgroParisTech, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, 75005, Paris, France

    Daniel Tome

Authors
  1. Ana San Gabriel
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  2. Daniel Tome
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Correspondence to Ana San Gabriel .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gastroenterology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Joel Faintuch

  2. Radiology Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Salomão Faintuch

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San Gabriel, A., Tome, D. (2015). Appetite: Inhibiting Properties of Proteins. In: Faintuch, J., Faintuch, S. (eds) Obesity and Diabetes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13126-9_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13126-9_12

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