Abstract
Human interactions are changing in far-reaching ways due to recent developments in Internet and mobile communication technologies, including widespread uptake of Facebook and other online social networks. Cyberpsychology, the study of computer-mediated communication and Internet behavior, is a rapidly developing field that has largely gone unnoticed by evolutionary psychologists. Piazza and Bering (Comput Hum Behav 25:1258–1269, 2009) published a primer aimed at applying evolutionary perspectives to cyberpsychology. We review relevant research published in the interim that bears on these predictions to see how they have fared and determine what still needs to be done to address them. We give particular attention to research on social networking software—an area of cyberpsychology that has exploded in recent years—and offer some new hypotheses that reflect this trend. The chapter is organized around six broad themes from evolutionary psychology: mating, intrasexual competition, parenting and kinship, friendship, personal information management, and trust and social exchange. We discuss the nature of each topic as it applies to Internet behavior, review relevant hypotheses and research, and offer directions for future studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development of interpersonal relationships. New York: Irvington.
Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Kingsbury, M., & Schneider, B. H. (2013). Friendship: An old concept with a new meaning? Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 33–39.
Apicella, C. L, & Marlowe, F. W. (2004). Perceived mate fidelity and paternal resemblance predict men’s investment in children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 371–378.
Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291–322.
Barclay, P. (2004). Trustworthiness and competitive altruism can also solve the “tragedy of the commons”. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 209–220.
Barnett, J., & Coulson, M. (2010). Virtually real: A psychological perspective on massively multiplayer online games. Review of General Psychology, 14, 167–179.
Becker, D. V., Kenrick, D. T., Guerin, S., & Maner, J. M. (2005). Concentrating on beauty: Sexual selection and sociospatial memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 1643–1652.
Bering, J. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (2004). The causal role of consciousness: A conceptual addendum to human evolutionary psychology. Journal of General Psychology, 8, 227–248.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Shackelford, T. K. (1999). Differences in parental investment contribute to important differences between men and women. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 86–89.
Boase, J., Horrigan, J. B., Wellman, B., & Rainie, L. (2006). The strength of internet ties: The internet and email aid users in maintaining their social networks and provide pathways to help when people face big decisions. http://www.pewinternet.org/. Accessed 7 April 2008.
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210–230.
Burch, R. L., & Gallup, G. G., Jr. (2000). Perceptions of paternal resemblance predict family violence. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 429–435.
Buss, D. M. (1994). The evolution of desire. New York: Basic Books.
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: A contextual evolutionary analysis of human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 573–587.
Buss, D. M., Larsen, R., Westen, D., & Semmelroth, J. (1992). Sex differences in jealousy: Evolution, physiology, and psychology. Psychological Science, 3, 251–255.
Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1128–1135.
Campbell, A. (1999). Staying alive: Evolution, culture and women’s intrasexual aggression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 203–252.
Chen, Y.-H., Chien, S.-H., Wu, J.-J., & Tsai, P.-Y. (2010). Impact of signals and experience on trust and trusting behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 539–546.
Chiou, W.-B., Chen, S. W., & Liao, D.-C. (2013). Does Facebook promote self-interest? Enactment of indiscriminate one-to-many communication on online social networking sites decreases prosocial behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0035.
Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2009). Information disclosure and control on Facebook: Are they two sides of the same coin or two different processes? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12, 341–345.
Christophe, V., & Rimé, B. (1997). Exposure to the social sharing of emotion: Emotional impact, listener responses and secondary social sharing. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 37–54.
Clayton, R. B., Nagurney, A., & Smith, J. A. (2013). Cheating, breakup, and divorce: Is Facebook use to blame? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. doi:10.1089/cybr.2012.0424.
Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Evolutionary psychology and family homicide. Science, 242, 519–524.
Daneback, K., Minsson, S.-A., & Ross, M. W. (2007). Using the Internet to find offline sex partners. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10, 100–107.
Delevi, R., & Weisskirch, R. S. (2013). Personality factors as predictors of sexting. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2589–2594.
DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2009). The alliance hypothesis for human friendship. PLoS ONE, 4, e5802.
Donath, J. (2008). Signals in social supernets. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 231–251.
Dooley, J. J., Pyzalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217, 182–188.
Dreßing, H., Bailer, J., Anders, A., Wagner, H., & Gallas, C. (2014). Cyberstalking in a large sample of social network users: prevalence, characteristics, and impact upon victims. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 17, 61–67.
Drouin, M., Vogel, K. N., Surbey, A., & Stills, J. R. (2013). Let’s talk about sexting baby: Computer-mediated sexual behaviors among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, A25–A30.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2012). Social cognition on the Internet: Testing constraints on social network size. Proceedings from the Royal Society, B, Biological Sciences, 367, 2192–2201.
Duncan, L. A., Park, J. H., Faulkner, J., Schaller, M., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2007). Adaptive allocation of attention: Effects of sex and sociosexuality on visual attention to attractive opposite-sex faces. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 359–364.
eBay Worldwide. (2013). eBay—the world’s online marketplace. Retrieved November 2013 from http://pages.ebay.co.uk/aboutebay/thecompany/companyoverview.html.
Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implication for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 631–635.
Facebook Newsroom. (2013). Key facts. Retrieved November 2013 from http://newsroom.fb.com/Key-Facts.
Fehr, E., & Henrich, J. (2003). Is strong reciprocity a maladaptation? On the evolutionary foundations of human altruism. CESifo Working Paper, No. 859. Retrieved February 2015 from http://hdl.handle.net/10419/76253.
Festl, R., & Quandt, T. (2013). Social relations and cyberbullying: The influence of individual and structural attributes on victimization and perpetration via the Internet. Human Communication Research, 39, 101–126.
Frye, N. E., & Dornisch, M. M. (2010). When is trust not enough? The role of perceived privacy of communication tools in comfort with self-disclosure. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1120–1127.
Gächter, S., & Falk, A. (2002). Reputation and reciprocity: Consequences for the labor relation. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 104, 1–25.
Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Gordon-Messer, D., Bauermeister, J., Grodzinski, A., & Zimmerman, M. (2012). Sexting among young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(3), 301–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.013.
Haferkamp, N., Eimler, S. C., Papadakis, A.-M., & Kruck, J. V. (2012). Men are from Mars, women are from Venus? Examining gender differences in self-presentation on social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 91–98.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior: I & II. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–52.
Hampton, K. N., Livio, O., & Goulet, L. S. (2010). The social life of wireless urban spaces: Internet use, social networks, and the public realm. Journal of Communication, 60, 701–722.
Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 81–91.
Hess, N. H., & Hagen, E. H. (2006). Psychological adaptations for assessing gossip veracity. Human Nature, 17, 337–354.
Hill, S. E., Rodeheffer, C. D., Griskevicius, V., Durante, K., & White, A. E. (2012). Boosting beauty in an economic decline: Mating, spending, and the lipstick effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 275–291.
Hollenbaugh, E. E. (2010). Personal journal bloggers: Profiles of disclosiveness. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1657–1666.
Horrigan, J. B. (2008). Online shopping: Internet users like the convenience but worry about the security of their financial information. http://www.pewinternet.org/. Accessed 7 April 2008.
Joinson, A. N. (2001). Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self- awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 177–192.
Joinson, A. N., Paine, C. B., Buchanan, T., & Reips, U.-R. (2010). Privacy, trust and self- disclosure online. Human-Computer Interaction, 25, 1–24.
Katzer, C., Fetchenhauer, D., & Belschak, F. (2009). Cyberbullying: Who are the victims? Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 21, 25–36.
Kelly, A. E., & McKillop, K. J. (1996). Consequences of revealing personal secrets. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 450–465.
Kelly, A. E., Klusas, J. A., von Weiss, R. T., & Kenny, C. (2001). What is it about revealing secrets that is beneficial? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 651–665.
Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2007). Teens, privacy and online social networks. Retrieved from , April 18 2007 Pew Internet & American Life Project. http://www.pewinternet.org/.
Ljepava, N., Orr, R. R., Locke, S., & Ross, C. (2013). Personality and social characteristics of Facebook non-users and frequent users. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1602–1607.
Marlowe, F. (1999). Male care and mating effort among Hazda foragers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 57–64.
McAndrew, F. T., & Jeong, H. S. (2012). Who does what on Facebook? Age, sex and relationship status as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2359–2365.
McAndrew, F. T., & Milenkovic, M. A. (2002). Of tabloids and family secrets: The evolutionary psychology of gossip. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(5), 1064–1082.
McAndrew, F. T., & Shah, S. S. (2013). Sex differences in jealousy over Facebook activity. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 2603–2606.
McKenna, K. Y. A., & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the Internet: Identity “demarginalization” through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 681–694.
McKenna, K. Y. A., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. E. J. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58, 9–31.
Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 357–364.
Miller, S. L., & Maner, J. K. (2010). Evolution and relationship maintenance: Fertility cues lead committed men to devalue relationship alternatives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 1081–1084.
Mok, D., Wellman, B., & Carrasco, J. (2010). Does distance matter in the age of the Internet? Urban Studies, 47, 2747–2783.
Muise, A., Christofides, E., & Desmarais, S. (2009). More information than you ever wanted: Does Facebook bring out the green-eyed monster of jealousy? Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12, 441–444.
Muscanell, N. L., Guadagno, R. E., Rice, L., & Murphy, S. (2013). Don’t it make my brown eyes green? An analysis of Facebook use and romantic jealousy. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 237–242.
Nguyen, M., Bin, Y. S., & Campbell, A. (2012). Comparing online and offline self disclosure: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 103–111.
Nikken, P., & Jansz, J. (2012). Parental mediation of young children’s Internet use. http://111.lse.ac.uk/media%40lse/research/EUKidsOnline/Conference%202011/Nikken.pdf. Accessed 8 Oct 2013.
Peluchette, J., & Karl, K. (2008). Social networking profiles: An examination of student attitudes regarding use and appropriateness of content. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11, 95–97.
Perilloux, C., Easton, J. A., & Buss, D. M. (2012). The misperception of sexual interest. Psychological Science, 23, 146–151.
Peters, J., Shackelford, T. K., & Buss, D. M. (2002). Understanding domestic violence against women: Using evolutionary psychology to extend the feminist functional analysis. Violence and Victims, 17, 255–264.
Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2013). Online dating and relationships. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Online-Dating/Summary-of-Findings.aspx.
Piazza, J., & Bering, J. M. (2009). Evolutionary cyber-psychology: Applying an evolutionary framework to Internet behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1258–1269.
Piazza, J., & Bering, J. M. (2010). The coevolution of secrecy and stigmatization: Evidence from the content of distressing secrets. Human Nature, 21, 290–308.
Piazza, J., & DeScioli, P. (2012). Who else knows? The strategic significance of secrets. Poster presented at the Meeting for the Society of Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX.
Pollet, T. V. (2007). Genetic relatedness and sibling relationship characteristics in a modern society. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 176–185.
Pollet, T. V., Roberts, S. G. B., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011). Use of social network sites and instant messaging does not lead to increased offline social network size, or to emotionally closer relationships with offline network members. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 253–258.
Raacke, J., & Bonds-Raacke, J. (2008). MySpace and Facebook: Applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11, 169–174.
Resnick, P., & Zeckhauser, R. (2002). Trust among strangers in internet transactions: Empirical analysis of eBay’s reputation system. In M. R. Baye (Ed.), The economics of the Internet and e-commerce (pp. 127–157). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Resnick, P., Zeckhauser, R., Swanson, J., & Lockwood, K. (2006). The value of reputation on eBay: A controlled experiment. Experimental Economics, 9, 79–101.
Roberts, G. (1998). Competitive altruism: From reciprocity to the handicap principle. Proceedings of Royal Society London B, 265, 427–431.
Roberts, S. G. B., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2011). The costs of family and friends: An 18-month longitudinal study of relationship maintenance and decay. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32, 186–197.
Schiffrin, H., Edelman, A., Falkenstern, M., & Stewart, C. (2010). The associations among computer-mediated communication, relationships, and wellbeing. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 299–306.
Schneider, B. H. (2000). Friends and enemies: Peer relations in childhood. London: Arnold.
Shackelford, T. K., Buss, D. M., & Bennett, K. (2002). Forgiveness or breakup: Sex differences in responses to a partner’s infidelity. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 299–307.
Sheridan, L. P., & Grant, T. (2007). Is cyberstalking different? Crime & Law, 13, 627–640.
Silk, J. B. (2003). Cooperation without counting: The puzzle of friendship. In P. Hammerstein (Ed.), Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation (pp. 37–54). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Silk, J. B., Kaldor, E., & Boyd, R. (2000). Cheap talk when interests conflict. Animal Behavior, 59, 423–432.
Solove, D. J. (2007). The future of reputation: Gossip, rumor, and privacy on the Internet. London: Yale University Press.
Spink, A., Koricich, A., Jansen, B. J., & Cole, C. (2004). Sexual information seeking on web search engines. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7, 65–72.
Statista. (2013). Number of worldwide active Amazon customer accounts from 2007 to 2012 (in millions). Retrieved November 2013 from http://www.statista.com/statistics/237810/number-of-active-amazon-customer-accounts-worldwide/.
Stefanone, M. A., & Jang, C.-Y. (2007). Writing for friends and family: The interpersonal nature of blogs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 123–140 (article 7).
Steijn, W. M. P., & Schouten, A. P. (2013). Information sharing and relationships on social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 16, 582–587.
Stewart-Williams, S. (2007). Altruism among kin vs. nonkin: Effects of cost of help and reciprocal exchange. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 193–198.
Sylwester, K., & Roberts, G. (2013). Reputation-based partner choice is an effective alternative to indirect reciprocity in solving social dilemmas. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34, 201–206.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J. B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations. Human Communication Research, 28, 317–348.
Tokunaga, R. S. (2011). Friend me or you’ll strain us: Understanding negative events that occur over social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking, 14, 425–432.
Toma, C. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2013). Self-affirmation underlies Facebook use. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 321–331.
Tosun, L. P. (2012). Motives for Facebook use and expressing “true self” on the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1510–1517.
Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man (pp. 136–179). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Who visits online dating sites? Exploring some characteristics of online daters. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 10, 849–852.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 1–5.
Vasalou, A., Oostveen, A.-M., & Joinson, A. N. (2012). A case study of non-adoption: The values of location tracking in the family. Proceeding of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 779–788.
Viegas, F. B. (2005). Bloggers’ expectations of privacy and accountability: An initial survey. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3), (article 12). DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00260.x
Vlahovic, T. A., Roberts, S., & Dunbar, R. (2012). Effects of duration and laughter on subjective happiness within different modes of communication. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 436–450.
Walther, J. B., Van Der Heide, B., Hamel, L., & Shulman, H. (2009). Self-generated versus other-generated statements and impressions in computer-mediated communication: A test of warranting theory using Facebook. Communication Research, 36, 229–253.
Wang, R., Bianchi, S. M., & Raley, S. B. (2005). Teenagers’ internet use and family rules: A research note. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1249–1258.
Whitty, M. T. (2003). Cyber-flirting: Playing at love on the internet. Theory & Psychology, 13, 339–357.
Whitty, M. T. (2005). The realness of cybercheating: Men’s and women’s representations of unfaithful internet relationships. Social Science Computer Review, 23, 57–67.
Whitty, M. T. (2007). Revealing the ‘real’ me, searching for the ‘actual’ you: Presentations of self on an internet dating site. Computers in Human Behavior, 24, 1707–1723.
Whitty, M. T., & Quigley, L. (2008). Emotional and sexual infidelity offline and in cyberspace. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 461–468.
Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1993). An evolutionary psychological perspective on male sexual proprietariness and violence against wives. Violence and Victims, 8, 271–294.
Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 203–220.
Xue, M., & Silk, J. B. (2012). The role of tracking and tolerance in relationship among friends. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 17–25.
Yang, B., & Lester, D. (2004). Attitude toward buying online. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7, 85–91.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Piazza, J., Ingram, G. (2015). Evolutionary Cyberpsychology 2.0: Revisiting Some Old Predictions and Posting Some New Ones in the Age of Facebook. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Welling, L., Shackelford, T. (eds) Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology. Evolutionary Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12697-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12697-5_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12696-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12697-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)