Abstract
One of the most important reasons for the Israeli–Greek rapprochement had to do with energy cooperation in the Eastern Mediterranean, which was integrally related to the new natural gas findings in Israel and Cyprus at a time of European energy dependence on Russia. Discussions quickly ensued in Nicosia and Jerusalem, concerning plans and options aiming to exploit and export at least part of this energy wealth. As will be shown in some detail, Israeli–Cypriot cooperation involved historic political visits, improved economic relations, and, above all, close coordination on energy matters. The rapprochement was also widely supported by the peoples of Cyprus. During the same period, tensions were rapidly rising in the region. As relations between Ankara and Jerusalem continued to deteriorate, Turkey even hinted at military action to stop Cypriot energy-related plans. Nevertheless, Ankara ultimately failed to block plans by either Cyprus or Israel. Importantly, Greece also joined Israeli–Cypriot energy plans. Based on interviews with Greek decision makers at the highest possible levels of power, this chapter explains how by summer 2012, an “energy triangle” between Athens, Jerusalem, and Nicosia was gradually put into place. It included plans to construct an electricity cable linking all three states, as well as discussions about the building of a pipeline to export the newly found natural gas deposits to Europe via Greece.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
“By 2040, [Exxon] expects natural gas consumption to rise 65 %, but coal use to be no higher than it is today, rising and then falling again during the next two decades” (Crocks 2013, December 12).
- 3.
A word of caution, however, should be included in these euphoric predictions. To quote David G. Victor: “The history of exuberance, despair, and error by the best [energy] forecasters is a warning that much can change in unpredictable ways” (Victor 2013, p. 94).
- 4.
See also Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy (2010, p. 34).
- 5.
The estimate quoted in the main text is “the mean projection of a range between 12,400 TCF (with a 90 % probability of being exceeded) and 20,800 TCF (with a 10 % probability of being exceeded). The mean projection is 150 times the annual consumption of 108 TCF in 2009” (Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative, 2010, p. 7).
- 6.
- 7.
It should be mentioned, however, that the creation of a single global market with a single price in the future is not necessarily an impossible scenario. See Deutch (2011, p. 83).
- 8.
Natural gas is also considered as being “only half as bad for climate change as coal” (Levi 2013, p. 97).
- 9.
On fracking, see especially National Intelligence Council (2012, p. 37) and Yergin (2012, p. 329–334). For an appreciation of George Mitchell, who is probably the person most responsible for making the technique of fracking viable and efficient, see Schumpeter (2013 August 3) and Yergin (2012, pp. 327–331). A satisfying and primarily celebratory account of the key businesspeople behind the fracking revolution can be found in Zuckerman (2013). For a balanced assessment of the environmental issues involved, see Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative (2010, pp. 14–16). See also the reasonable observations in Levi (2012, pp. 45–46). Methane leakage is quite possibly the most significant environmental danger associated with fracking. See Nocera (2013, November 18). The interplay of fracking’s international and environmental implications are adequately discussed in Dröge and Westphal (2013). For examples of the debate over fracking in the USA, Epstein (2013) see Orden (2013, August 26); Gang (2013, September 6); Wines (2013, November 18); and Krupp (2014). On China’s approach to the momentous developments on the natural gas front, see Spegele and Spegele and Scheck (2013, September 5). For developments and strategies more generally in Asia, see Harlan (2013, October 15).
- 10.
See Bipartisan Policy Center and American Clean Skies Foundation (2011, p. 2) and Gold and Gilbert (2013, October 3)
- 11.
See International Energy Agency (2012b, November 12) and Forbes. (2012, November 12). The 2012 report by the U.S. National Intelligence Council predicts energy independence "in as short a period as 10–20 years" (National Intelligence Council 2012, p. 36). However, the USA will consume rather than export most of its energy. See Mann (2013, p. 54). See also the excellent, balanced, and sophisticated analyses of the energy-related developments and consequences in the USA in Levi (2013). An energy-independent USA that depends primarily on natural gas will likely also affect the use of nuclear power. See The Economist (2013, June 1). It is also worth noting that for the first time in 18 years, it was estimated that in October 2013, the USA was producing more crude oil than it was importing. See Makan (2013, November 14).
- 12.
Based on Dr. Nikolaos Farantouris’ lecture on “Strategic Competition in the Energy Sector in the Eastern Mediterranean,” delivered on 29 April 2013 at New York University’s Remarque Institute.
- 13.
Dr. Nikolaos Farantouris, “Strategic Competition in the Energy Sector in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Lecture delivered on 29 April 2013 at New York University’s Remarque Institute.
- 14.
See also Noël (2013, pp. 176–177) and Scaroni (2013, October 31). Not coincidentally, “France has banned fracking entirely, and Germany has put a de facto moratorium in place” (Hefner 2014, p. 13). For examples of how European states and local communities in England, Germany and the Netherlands are grappling with the debate over whether to proceed with fracking, see Birnbaum (2013, April 25); Reed (2013b, May 24); Blackburn (2013, July 20); Cameron (2013, August 11); Cohen (2013, August 26); Steinglass (2013, August 27); and Mason (2014, July 27). Europe’s somewhat confused energy policy and approach towards fracking is explained persuasively in Glover (2013, June 3).
- 15.
- 16.
The Greek press widely reported that this estimate was related to US President Barack Obama by Prime Minister Antonis Samaras during his official visit to the White House on 8 August 2013. See for example Terzis (2013, August 11). These reports were never denied and were also confirmed to the author by high-level Greek diplomatic sources.
- 17.
See Knell (2013, May 13).
- 18.
- 19.
See Philenews (2013, September 12). According to the President of the Cyprus National Hydrocarbons Company (CNHC) Charalambos Ellinas, “by 2025, Cyprus could be in a position to export 25 million tons of liquefied gas (35 BCM), beginning with 5 million tons (7 BCM) by 2020. This could increase to 35 million tons (50 BCM) if Vasilliko becomes a hub for liquefied natural gas in the region” (Ibid).
- 20.
Preliminary estimates for the total worth of Cyprus’ energy reserves stood at $ 400 billion (Kariotis 2011, p. 48).
- 21.
Philenews. (2013, October 3). The mean is 5 TCF, ’Aphrodite’ 30 % smaller-plans for a terminal unchanged. http://www.philenews.com/el-gr/oikonomia-kypros/146/164792/30-pio-mikro-to-afroditi-den-allazoun-oi-schediasmoi-gia-termatiko Accessed 4 October 2013 (in Greek).
- 22.
See Tsalakos, K. Y. (2013, December 18). Oil [worth] 60 bill. euros for Cyprus. Ta Nea, http://www.tanea.gr/news/economy/article/5065992/petrelaio-60-dis-gia-thn-kypro/ Accessed 18 December 2013 (in Greek).
- 23.
- 24.
See World Oil (2013, March 6).
- 25.
See Reuters (2014, July 13).
- 26.
All figures are taken from Henderson (2012, p. 6).
- 27.
Israel may also be able to count on the “onshore development of more than 260 billion barrels of oil to be developed from shale formations in the Shfela basin.” See Gordon (2011).
- 28.
See Tsalakos (2013, December 18).
- 29.
See the US State Department unclassified diplomatic cable titled, Cyprus to auction off exploration rights for possible offshore oil and gas deposits, 11 August 2006. (Reference ID 06NICOSIA1361) published at www.wikileaks.com. Accessed 15 May 2013.
- 30.
US State Department confidential diplomatic cable titled Cyprus oil and gas licensing rights challenged by Turkey. Accessed 8 February 2007. (Reference ID 07NICOSIA120) published at www.wikileaks.com. Accessed 15 May 2013.
- 31.
The agreement with Egypt was “the first such delimitation agreement in the Eastern Mediterranean” (Giamouridis 2012, p. 14). The Lebanon agreement has yet to be ratified by the country’s parliament and has thus never come into force. Lebanon also objected to the Cyprus–Israel agreement. To understand Lebanon’s position in its maritime dispute with Israel (a state with which it is technically still at war), see Lakes (2012) and Wählisch (2011). Some significant objections have also been raised by Egypt’s upper House of Parliament about its DMA with Cyprus. See Today’s Zaman (2013, March 8). It should also be mentioned that in September 2011, Turkey signed a DMA with the unrecognized, self-declared “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.” For a useful overview of maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, see Scovazzi (2012).
- 32.
Dr. Petros Liacouras, “Exclusive Economic Zones in the Eastern Mediterranean: Developments and Prospects.” Lecture delivered on 29 April 2013 at New York University’s Remarque Institute.
- 33.
This was made abundantly clear to the author by Greek and Israeli officials when discussing the reason Israel and Cyprus delimited their EEZs. It also emerges from US diplomatic documents that Noble Energy officials made such a request, since as far back as August 2007 they had considered that “an outstanding issue…[was] the lack of a treaty demarcating the boundary between the Israeli and Cypriot EEZs.” (US State Department unclassified diplomatic cable titled Few Bids for Exploring Offshore Cyprus, 17 August 2007 (Reference ID 07NICOSIA675) published at www.wikileaks.com. Accessed 15 May 2013. Influenced by Cyprus’ experience, a debate (with a rather surprising intellectual ferocity) erupted in Greece on whether the country should allow suit and declare its own EEZ. Eschewing polemics and philippics, the proper parameters of this debate are presented in Kariotis (2007), Tsaltas (2012), and Tzimitras (2012). For the most comprehensive and sophisticated analysis, see Mazis and Sgouros (2013).
- 34.
On this point, see its explicit acceptance in the US State Department confidential diplomatic cable titled Cyprus Oil and Gas Licensing Rights Challenged by Turkey, 8 February 2007 (Reference ID 07NICOSIA120) published at www.wikileaks.com. Accessed 15 May 2013.
- 35.
Cypriot and Greek officials who talked to the author were utterly convinced that this is the case, though no evidence was presented.
- 36.
See the US State Department unclassified diplomatic cable titled “Few Bids for Exploring Offshore Cyprus,” 17 August 2007 (Reference ID 07NICOSIA675) published at www.wikileaks.com. Accessed 15 May 2013.
- 37.
US State Department confidential diplomatic cable titled “Cyprus to Announce Tenders for Offshore Exploration, Severe Turkish Negative Reaction Expected,” October 10 2008 (Reference ID 08NICOSIA811) published at www.wikileaks.com.
- 38.
See the US State Department unclassified diplomatic cable titled Few Bids for Exploring Offshore Cyprus, 17 August 2007 (Reference ID 07NICOSIA675) published at www.wikileaks.com. Accessed 15 May 2013.
- 39.
See US State Department confidential diplomatic cable titled “Cyprus: Regional Benefits from Natural Gas in the Eastern Mediterranean—Noble activity moving ahead,” 29 July 2009 (Reference ID 09NICOSIA488) published at www.wikileaks.com. Accessed 15 May 2013.
- 40.
The ‘‘TNRC’’ unilaterally and rather surprisingly declared independence on November 15, 1983. See (Ker-Lindsay 2011, pp. 51–52).
- 41.
Israel is also not an UNCLOS signatory state.
- 42.
Based on author’s interviews and discussions at the time. See also Antoniou (2011a, August 7).
- 43.
See Antoniou (2011b, August 14).
- 44.
- 45.
See also Enet (2011, August 22).
- 46.
U.S. State Department Daily Press Briefing, 9 September 2011. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2011/09/172061.htm Accessed 15 September, 2011. Nuland went on to say that, ‘‘We’ve also made clear that we believe that the energy resources ought to be equally shared’’ (ibid.; emphasis added). The latter statement created anxiety and concern in both Nicosia and Athens, since an equal distribution of revenues among numerically unequal communities was seen, at the very least, as unfair. However, as Greek diplomats always point out, the U.S. position was soon “corrected” to that of support for the “equitable” sharing of energy-related wealth in Cyprus. See Greeknewsonline (2011, October 3). On the issue of U.S. support for Cyprus’ energy exploration and exploitation see also Antoniou (2011c, August 18); Bekiaris (2011, August 20); and Pollatos (2011, August 21).
- 47.
For an excellent and succinct overview of Israeli–Cypriot relations, see Stergiou (2013, pp. 495–496).
- 48.
See Golan (2011, March 11).
- 49.
In addition to energy and tourism, bilateral cooperation was also discussed concerning the area of health.
- 50.
See Sigmalive (2011, August 24).
- 51.
See Ploutarchos (2011, February 13).
- 52.
The President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, reiterated some 2 weeks later Athens’ intentions to be fully supportive of Cyprus. See Ethnos (2011b September 30).
- 53.
- 54.
See Onalert.gr (2011, September 16).
- 55.
See Defencegreece (2011, September 14).
- 56.
- 57.
See Athanasopoulos (2011a, September 15).
- 58.
This was widely understood in Athens to be the case. However, the expectation was that Turkey would ultimately fail to get any real results by threatening military action. See, for example, Antoniou (2011d, October 2).
- 59.
See To Vima. (2011a, September 26).
- 60.
See Ellis (2011b, October 29).
- 61.
See Udasin (2011, September 22).
- 62.
See also Haaretz. (2011, September 30).
- 63.
See The Jerusalem Post (2011, September 27) and The Jerusalem Post (2011c, September 30).
- 64.
- 65.
- 66.
See Chasapopoulos (2011, September 17).
- 67.
- 68.
See In.gr (2011, October 20).
- 69.
In August 2013, reports emerged that the Russian government was interested in obtaining certain privileges in the Andreas Papandreou Pafos Airbase. The chances of any Cypriot government granting such access to Moscow are extremely slim. See Kathimerini. (2013, August 18).
- 70.
See EKirikas.com (2012, February 2).
- 71.
See Kathimerini (2012, May 2).
- 72.
To provide an illustration of this point, when Foreign Minister Lieberman visited Cyprus in April 2012, military cooperation was not part of his official agenda according to various sources. Revealingly, he had no meeting with Cyprus’ Minister of Defense Demetris Eliades.
- 73.
- 74.
See Aggelioforos (2011, November 8).
- 75.
Iefimerida.gr (2011, November 14).
- 76.
These comments were made while Christofias was speaking at the United Nations in New York.
- 77.
See Cyprus.gov.cy (2011, November 21).
- 78.
To Vima (2011b, December 10).
- 79.
- 80.
- 81.
This development was noticed by several shrewd experts. For example, see Morris (2012, February 2).
- 82.
- 83.
See Israel Diplomatic Netwrok (2011, November 22).
- 84.
See Udasin (2012, March 4).
References
Aggelioforos. (8 November 2011). At 30 billion the value of the natural gas found in Cyprus. http://www.agelioforos.gr/default.asp?pid=7&ct=1&artid=117951. Accessed 11 Nov 2011 (in Greek).
Alter, B., & Fishman, E. (27 April 2014). The dark side of energy independence. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/opinion/sunday/the-dark-side-of-energy-independence.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Accessed 27 April 2013.
Antoniou, D. (7 August 2011a). Turkey ‘threatens’ Cyprus with new tension about its EEZ. Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/434088/article/epikairothta/politikh/h-toyrkia-apeilei-me-nea-entash-thn-kypro-gia-thn-aoz. Accessed 7 Aug 2011 (in Greek).
Antoniou, D. (14 August 2011b). Erato Kozakou-Marcoulis to ‘K’: Cyprus will exercise its rights. Kathimerini, 8 (in Greek).
Antoniou, D. (18 August 2011c). Support from the U.S.A to Cyprus. Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/434897/article/epikairothta/politikh/sthri3h-apo-tis-hpa-sthn-kypro. Accessed 19 Aug 2011.
Antoniou, D. (2 October 2011d). Ankara tries to block the explorations. Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/438944/article/epikairothta/politikh/h-agkyra-prospa8ei-na-mplokarei-tis-ereynes. Accessed Oct 2011 (in Greek).
Antoniou, D. (9 October 2011e). Ankara’s barbarossa plan for the Mediterranean. Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/439470/article/epikairothta/politikh/sxedio-mparmparosa-ths-agkyras-sth-mesogeio. Accessed 19 Oct 2011 (in Greek).
Arsu, S. (6 September 2011). Amid tensions with Israel, Turkey threatens increased naval presence. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/world/middleeast/07turkey.html?_r=0. Accessed 6 Sept 2011.
Arsu, S. & Cowell, A. (2 September 2011). Turkey expels Israeli ambassador over flotilla raid. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/world/middleeast/03turkey.html?pagewanted=all. Accessed 2 Sept 2011.
Athanasopoulos, A. (15 September 2011a). Turkey plays with fire in Kastelorizo. To Vima. http://www.tovima.gr/world/article/?aid=419959&wordsinarticle=%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%BF. Accessed 15 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
Athanasopoulos, A. (19 September 2011b). Cyprus the drill goes down towards lot 12, and Ankara is enraged. To Vima. http://www.tovima.gr/politics/article/?aid=420401&wordsinarticle=%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%3b12. Accessed 19 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
Bar-Eli, A. (29 August 2010a). Netanyahu offers natural gas to Greece. Haaretz. http://www.Haaretz/print-edition/business/netanyahu-offers-natural-gas-to-greece-1.310761. Accessed 29 Aug 2010.
Bar-Eli, A. (30 December 2010b). Leviathan natural gas reserve said worth $ 90 billion. Haaretz. http://www.Haaretz/print-edition/news/leviathan-natural-gas-reserve-said-worth-90-billion-1.334143. Accessed 7 May 2013.
Bekiaris, D. (20 August 2011). Strong ‘Players’ on the side of Cyprus for the natural gas in the SE Mediterranean. Axia, 44 (in Greek).
Bipartisan Policy Center and American Clean Skies Foundation. (2011). Task force on ensuring stable natural gas markets. Washington, DC: Bipartisan Policy Center and American Clean Skies Foundation.
Birnbaum, M. (25 April 2013). Green-focused Germany torn over shale gas. The Washington Post, A6.
Blackburn, D. (20 July 2013). Fracking the village. The Spectator, 20–21.
Bremmer, I. & Hersh A. K. (22 May 2013). When America stops importing energy. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/23/opinion/global/when-america-stops-importing-energy.html. Accessed 22 May 2013.
Bronner, E. (9 September 2011). Threat by Turkish premier raises tensions with Israel. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/10/world/middleeast/10israel.html. Accessed 9 Sept 2011.
Bronner, E., & Arsu, S. (11 September 2011). Diplomatic strains intensify between Turkey and Israel. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/world/middleeast/06israel.html. Accessed 11 Sept 2011.
Buck, T. (31 August 2012). Field of dreams: Israel’s natural gas. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/1dbda574-f16d-11e1-a553-00144feabdc0.html. Accessed 31 Aug 2012.
Butler, N. (2013). Lebanon–The new gas frontier. Financial Times. http://blogs.ft.com/nick-butler/2013/04/05/lebanon-the-new-gas-frontier. Accessed 5 April 2013.
Cameron, D. (11 August 2013). We cannot afford to miss out on shale gas. Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10236664/We-cannot-afford-to-miss-out-on-shale-gas.html. Accessed 26 Aug 2013.
Cashman, F.G. (3 November 2011). Peres, Cypriot counterpart discuss gas cooperation. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Peres-Cypriot-counterpart-discuss-gas-cooperation. Accessed 3 Nov 2011.
Champion, M. (27 September 2011). Turkish ship explores off southern Cyprus. The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204831304576596622245110118. Accessed 27 Sept 2011.
Chasapopoulos, N. (17 September 2011). Cyprus is giving licenses for drilling in new lots. To Vima, http://www.tovima.gr/world/article/?aid=425608&wordsinarticle=%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82%3b%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B1. Accessed 17 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
Cohen, A. (2013a). Obama’s best friend? The alarming evolution of US-Turkish relations (Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 100). Ramat Gan: The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies.
Cohen, R. (26 August 2013b). Britain’s furor over fracking. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/opinion/roger-cohen-britains-furor-over-fracking.htm Accessed 26 Aug 2013.
Crocks, E. (21 December 2013). Exxon forecasts natural gas to be world’s second most-used fuel. Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b68909ac-62ae-11e3–99d1-00144feabdc0.html. Accessed 12 Dec 2013.
Cyprus.gov.cy (21 November 2011). President Christofias visited the ‘Homer’ rig. http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/4A136D197CAEB413C225795A002865CC/$file/%CE%97%20%CE%9A%CE%A5%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A3%20%CE%A3%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%91,%20%CE%91%CF%81%20732,%2017-30%20%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85%202011.pdf. Accessed 21 Nov 2011 (in Greek).
Cyprus Gas News & Aphrodite gas field 12. (2013). http://www.cyprusgasnews.com/about-us/aphrodite-gas-field. Accessed 25 June 2013.
Defencegreece (14 September 2011). The big game started: ‘Homer’ goes to ‘Aphrodite.’ http://www.defencegreece.com/index.php/2011/09/the-big-game-started-homer-goes-to-aphrodite. Accessed 14 Sept 2011.
Defencepoint.gr. (3 November 2011). Cyprus and Israel: Common Mediterranean vision! http://www.defence-point.gr/news/?p=25756. Accessed 4 Nov2011 (in Greek).
Deutch, J. (2011). The good news about gas: The natural gas revolution and its consequences. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 82–93.
Dokos, P.T. (2011). Tension in the Eastern Mediterranean: The geopolitical ‘square’ of Greece-Cyprus-Israel-Turkey. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (Issue brief No. 23). Athens: Greece.
Dröge, S., & Westphal, K. (2013). Shale gas for better climate. (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik Comments No. 25). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik.
EKirikas.com. (2 February 2012). Israel-Cyprus agreement for search and rescue. https://www.ekirikas.com/%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85-%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB-%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1-%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9. Accessed 16 Feb 2012 (in Greek).
Ellis, A. (28 August 2011a). Support by the U.S.A. for drilling in Cyprus. Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/435861/article/epikairothta/politikh/yposthri3h-apo-hpa-stis-gewtrhseis-ths-kyproy. Accessed 28 Aug 2011 (in Greek).
Ellis, A. (29 October 2011b). Tension in Cyprus with fighter (planes) and ships. Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/441244/article/epikairothta/kosmos/entash-sthn-kypro-me-maxhtika-kai-ploia. Accessed 29 Oct 2011 (in Greek).
Emerson, M. (2012). Fishing gas and more in Cypriot waters. Global Turkey in Europe (Policy Brief 02) Istanbul: Stiftung Mercator, IAI and IPC.
Enet (22 August 2011). Russia backs Cypriot EEZ rights. http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=303447. Accessed 22 Aug 2011 (in Greek).
English Kathimerini. (15 September 2011). Turkey warns Cyprus against offshore gas drilling. English Kathimerini. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_15/09/2011_406533. Accessed 15 Sept 2011.
Epstein, A. (6 September 2013). If California gets its ‘fracking’ act together, a boom awaits. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexepstein/2013/09/06/if-california-gets-its-fracking-act-together-a-boom-awaits. Accessed 9 Sept 2013.
Erlanger, S., & Castle, S. (30 September 2011). Turkey’s rifts with 2 nations worry a top NATO official. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/01/world/europe/anders-fogh-rasmussen-nato-leader-worried-by-turkeys-rifts-with-cyprus-and-israel.html. Accessed 30 Sept 2011.
Ethnos (2011). Papandreou: Cyprus’ right to decide what it does. http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22767&subid=2&pubid=63403270. Accessed 26 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
Ethnos (30 September 2011). Papoulias: Greece will provide every support to Cyprus. http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22767&subid=2&pubid=63413491. Accessed 30 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
Ethnos. (29 December 2011). At $ 100 billion the worth of the deposit, self-sufficiency for 210 years for Cyprus. http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22767&subid=2&pubid=63596307. Accessed 28 Dec 2011 (in Greek).
EuropeanBusiness.gr. (2011). At 5–8 TCF the natural gas deposits in Cyprus. http://www.europeanbusiness.gr/page.asp?pid=604. Accessed 28 Dec 2011 (in Greek).
Fenwick, S. (16 February 2012). 45 minutes…and 63 Years–Netanyahu on Cyprus relations. Cyprusnewsreport. Accessed 9 Aug 2013.
Forbes (12 November 2012). IEA report: USA SET to become number one oil producer by 2020-energy independent by 2035. http://www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2012/11/12/iea-report-usa-set-to-become-number-one-oil-producer-by-2020-energy-independent-by-2035. Accessed 12 May 2013.
Fox News (12 September 2011). Turkey says Israeli flotilla raid was ‘cause of war.’ http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/09/12/turkey-says-israels-flotilla-raid-was-cause-for-war. Accessed 11 Sept 2011.
Gang, W. D. (18 November 2013). UT’s drilling plan stalls. The Tennessean, A1.
Giamouridis, A. (2012). The offshore discovery in the republic of Cyprus: Monetisation prospects and challenges. Oxford: The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
Globes-online. (16 September 2011). Noble energy, delek reach partnership deal on Cypriot license. http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-1000676673. Accessed 17 Sept 2011.
Glover, C. P. (3 June 2013). Europe’s fracking energy mess. The Commentator. http://www.thecommentator.com/article/3681/europe_s_fracking_energy_mess. Accessed 3 June 2013.
Golan, A. (11 March 2011). Friends on the East-West seam. Haaretz. http://www.Haaretz/weekend/week-s-end/friends-on-the-east-west-seam-1.348565. Accessed 14 March 2011.
Gold, R., & Gilbert, D. (3 October 2013). U.S. rises to No. 1 energy producer. The Wall Street Journal, A1.
Gordon, J. (2011). Will Israel win the energy prize in the Levant basin? New English Review. http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/102952/sec_id/102952. Accessed 5 Aug 2014.
Greeknewsonline. (3 October 2011). U.S. doesn’t consider Cyprus’ energy exploration an obstacle. http://www.greeknewsonline.com/u-s-doesnt-consider-cyprus-energy-exploration-an-obstacle. Accessed 3 July 2013.
Haaretz. (30 September 2011). Report: Israel scrambles IAF warplanes toward Turkish ship. http://www.Haaretz/news/diplomacy-defense/report-israel-scrambles-iaf-warplanes-toward-turkish-ship-1.387407. Accessed 30 June 2013.
Harlan, C. (15 October 2013). Asia wants a piece of U.S. shale gas boom; Japan, South Korea seek lower-cost LNG. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-wants-a-piece-of-us-shale-gas-boom-japan-south-korea-seek-lower-cost-lng/2013/10/15/ac161cb8-359e-11e3-89db-8002ba99b894_story.html. Accessed 15 Oct 2013.
Hefner, A. R. III. (2014). The United States of gas: Why the shale revolution could have only happened in America. Foreign Affairs, 93(3), 9–14.
Henderson, S. (2012). Energy discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean: Source For cooperation or fuel for tension? The case of Israel. The German Marshall Fund of the United States, (Policy Brief). Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund.
Iefimerida.gr. (14 November 2011). Natural gas a catalyst for the reaching of a solution to the Cyprus issue, says the president. http://iefimerida.blogspot.com/2011/11/blog-post_2202.html. Accessed 14 Nov 2011 (in Greek).
In.gr (20 October 2011). Nicosia is examining close military cooperation with Israel. http://mi.ltosgitas.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post_3403.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2011 (in Greek).
International Crisis Group. (2012). Aphrodite’s gift: Can Cypriot gas power a new dialogue? (Europe Briefing No. 216) http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/216-aphrodites-gift-can-cypriot-gas-power-a-new-dialogue.pdf. Accessed 15 April 2012.
International Energy Agency. (2012a). Golden rules for a golden age of gas: World energy outlook special report on unconventional gas. Paris: International Energy Agency.
International Energy Agency. (12 November 2012b). North America leads shift in global energy balance, IEA says in latest world energy outlook. http://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/pressreleases/2012/november/name,33015,en.html. Accessed 12 May 2013.
Israel Diplomatic Network. (22 November 2011). Deputy FM visits Athens. http://embassies.gov.il/un/NewsAndEvents/Pages/DFM-Ayalon-visits-Greece-Nov2011.aspx. Accessed 22 Nov 2011.
Kariotis, C. T. (2007). A Greek exclusive economic zone in the Aegean Sea. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18(2), 56–71.
Kariotis, C. T. (2011). Hydrocarbons and the law of the sea in the Eastern Mediterranean: Implications for Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey. Mediterranean Quarterly, 22(2), 45–56.
Kathimerini (2 May 2012). Denial from Cyprus about the deployment of Israeli troops In the Island. http://www.kathimerini.gr/1753/article/epikairothta/kosmos/diayeysh-apo-kypro-gia-anapty3h-israhlinwn-strateymatwn-sto-nhsi. Accessed 22 May 2012 (in Greek).
Kathimerini (18 August 2013). Russian request to use the airbase ’Andreas Papandreou’ in Cyprus. http://www.kathimerini.gr/50317/article/epikairothta/kosmos/rwsiko-aithma-gia-xrhsh-ths-aeroporikhs-vashs-andreas-papandreoy. Accessed 19 Aug 2013 (in Greek).
Katz, Y. (16 October 2011). Navy seeks $ 100 m to protect new gas rigs. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Navy-seeks-100m-to-protect-new-gas-rigs. Accessed 4 Nov 2011.
Katz, Y. (2 February 2012a). Israel to ask for military facility in Cyprus. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Israel-to-ask-for-military-facility-in-Cyprus Accessed 22 Feb 2012.
Katz, Y. (10 April 2012b) IDF weighs interceptors for offshore gas platforms. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Defense/IDF-weighs-interceptors-for-offshore-gas-platforms. Accessed 11 April 2012.
Kaymak, E. (2012). Wealth sharing and geopolitical strategies: Excluding hydrocarbons from the Cyprus negotiations. In H. Faustmann, A. Gürel, & G. M. Reichberg (Eds.), Cyprus offshore hydrocarbons: Regional politics and wealth distribution (pp. 17–21). Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
Keinon, K. (23 June 2010). ‘Relations With Cyprus Never Better.’ The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Relations-with-Cyprus-never-better. Accessed 26 Sept 2010.
Ker-Lindsay, J. (2011), The Cyprus problem: What everyone needs to know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kershner, I. (2013). Israel begins pumping natural gas from offshore field. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/01/world/middleeast/israel-turns-on-natural-gas-flow-at-offshore-site.html?_r=0. Accessed 31 March 2013.
Kirkpatrick, D. (12 September 2011). Premier of Turkey takes role in region. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/world/middleeast/13egypt.html. Accessed 12 Sept 2011.
Knell, Y. (13 May 2013). Gas finds in East Mediterranean may change strategic balance. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22509295. Accessed 13 May 2013.
Koren, H. (1 December 2013). 4.1TCF estimate for Cypriot block 12. Globes. http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-1000897935. Accessed 10 Dec 2013.
Krupp, F. (2014). Don’t just drill baby–drill carefully. Foreign Affairs, 93(3), 15–20.
Lakes, G. (2012). Lebanon: Efforts to establish a hydrocarbon sector. In H. Faustmann, A. Gürel, & G. M. Reichberg (Eds.) Cyprus offshore hydrocarbons: regional politics and wealth distribution (pp. 39–43) Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
Leigh, M., & Brandsma, C. (2012). Energy resources in the Eastern Mediterranean: Source for cooperation or fuel for tension? Brussels Forum Paper Series. http://www.gmfus.org/wpcontent/blogs.dir/1/files_mf/leigh_brandsma_easternmedenergy_bf12.pdf. Accessed 5 April 2012.
Leventis, Y. (2012). Projecting for control of warm waters: Turkey’s posturing for hydrocarbon hegemony in the Eastern Mediterranean. In H. Faustmann, A. Gürel, & G. M. Reichberg (Eds.), Cyprus offshore hydrocarbons: Regional politics and wealth distribution (pp. 7–15). Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
Levi, M. (2013). The power surge: Energy, opportunity, and the battle for America’s future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Logothetis, G. (2013). Briefing Memo: The Aphrodite gas field and the Southeastern Mediterranean’s new energy triangle. Hellenic American Leadership Council. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/15486626/memo-cyprus-natural-gas-halc. Accessed 30 May 2013.
Luft, G. (6 June 2010a). A geopolitical game changer. Haaretz. http://www.Haaretz/print-edition/opinion/a-geopolitical-game-changer-1.295522. Accessed 6 June 2010.
Luft, G. (11 June 2010b). A geopolitical game changer. Haaretz. http://www.Haaretz/print-edition/opinion/a-geopolitical-game-changer-1.295522. Accessed 5 May 2013.
Makan, A. (14 November 2013). U.S. oil production surpasses imports in security milestone. Financial Times, 20.
Mankoff, J. (2012). Resource rivalry in the Eastern Mediterranean: The view from Washington. The German Marshall Fund of the United States (Policy Brief). Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund.
Mann, C. C. (May 2013). What if we never run out of oil? The Atlantic, 48–63.
Mason, R. (27 July 2014). Fracking push gets go-ahead across U.K. as ministers tighten safeguards. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/28/fracking-expansion-uk-drilling-national-parks-safeguards. Accessed 28 July 2014.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative. (2010). The future of natural gas: An interdisciplinary MIT study, interim report. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Mazis, T. I., & Sgouros, A. G. (2013). The Greek EEZ: Principles of a geopolitical analysis (Issue Brief No. 17). Athens: Institute Of Energy for South-East Europe.
Mills, M. R. (15 September 2011). The land of gas and honey. Foreign Policy. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/09/15/the_land_of_gas_and_honey. Accessed 16 Sept 2011.
Morris, B. (2 February 2012). Israel’s new allies. The National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/israels-new-allies-6441. Accessed 3 Feb 2012.
Morse, L. E. (2014). Welcome to the revolution: Why shale is the next shale. Foreign Affairs, 93(3), 3–7.
Naftemporiki (2 November 2011). The president of Israel to Cyprus for a two-day visit. http://www.naftemporiki.gr/story/316050/stin-kupro-gia-diimeri-episkepsi-o-israilinos-proedros. Accessed 4 Nov 2011 (in Greek).
National Intelligence Council. (2012). Global trends 2030: Alternative worlds. Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council.
Natural Gas Europe (3 December 2012). Australia’s Woodside buys $ 1.3 billion stake in leviathan. http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/australias-woodside-buys-13-billion-stake-in-leviathan. Accessed 20 May 2013.
Noël, P. (2013). European gas supply security: Unfinished business. In J. H. Kalicki & D. L. Goldwyn (Eds.), Energy and security: Strategies for a world in transition (pp. 169–186). Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Nocera, J. (18 November 2013). Fracking Achilles’ heel. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/opinion/nocera-frackings-achilles-heel.html. Accessed 18 Nov 2013.
Ögütçü, M. (2012). Rivalry in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Turkish dimension The German Marshall Fund of the United States, (Policy Brief). Washington D.C.: German Marshall Fund.
Onalert.gr (16 September 2011). The military plan that was agreed by Papandreou and Netanyahu. http://www.onalert.gr/stories/To_stratiotiko_sxedio_poy_symfonhsan_PapandreoyNetaniaxoy. Accessed 19 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
Orden, E. (26 August 2013). Fracking debate divides New York. The Wall Street Journal. p. A4.
Papapostolou, A. (13 October 2011). Füle warns Turkey against use of military force due to Cyprus’ drilling. DefenceGreece.com. http://www.defencegreece.com/index.php/2011/10/fule-warns-turkey-against-use-of-military-force-due-to-cyprus-drilling. Accessed 14 Oct 2011.
Pelone, A. (21/22 August 2010). Leviathan brings them closer. Ta Nea, p. 15 (in Greek).
PennEnergy (23 May 2013). Offshore Israel natural gas discovery for noble energy. http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2013/05/offshore-israel-natural-gas-discovery-for-noble-energy.html. Accessed 23 May 2013.
Philenews (12 September 2013). Possible deposits of 39 trillion cubic feet in the Cypriot EEZ. http://www.philenews.com/el-gr/oikonomia-kypros/146/161534/pithana-koitasmata-39-tris-kyvikon-podon-stin-kypriaki-aoz. Accessed 12 Sept 2013 (in Greek).
Ploutarchos, Y. (13 February 2011). Israel is a friendly and reliable country in the mind of Cypriots. Ε Simerini. http://www.sigmalive.com/simerini/news/local/354415. Accessed 14 Feb 2011 (in Greek).
Pollatos, M. (21 August 2011). The U.S.A. an unexpected ally of Cyprus for its EEZ. Proto Thema, p. 16 (in Greek).
Proto Thema. (16 September 2011). An attack against Cyprus means an Attack to Greece. http://www.protothema.gr/politics/article/144519/epithesh-sthn-kypro-shmainei-epithesh-sthn-ellada. Accessed 16 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
PWC (2014). http://www.pwc.com.cy/en/industries/assets/2nd-licensing-round-cyprus-exploration-blocks.gif. Accessed 2 Sept 2014.
Rao, V. (2012). Shale gas: The promise and the peril. North Carolina: Research Triangle Park.
Reed, S. (5 April 2013a). For Cyprus, gaslight at the end of tunnel? The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/06/business/global/for-cyprus-gaslight-at-the-end-of-tunnel.html?pagewanted=all. Accessed 5 April 2013.
Reed, S. (24 May 2013b). British villagers, fearing fracking, protest plan for drilling. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/business/global/british-village-protests-plan-for-shale-gas-drilling.html. Accessed 24 May 2013.
Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2011). No. 181, Press Release regarding the Greek Cypriot administration’s gas exploration activities in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Reuters (23 January 2011). Interview: Greece in exploratory talks with Israel on Gas. http://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLDE70L08U20110123. Accessed 24 Jan 2011.
Reuters (13 July 2014). Israel’s Leviathan gas reserves estimate raised by 16 pct. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/13/israel-natgas-leviathan-idUSL6N0PO08Q20140713. Accessed Aug 1 2014.
Scaroni, P. (31 October 2013). Europe is being hobbled by its expensive energy. Financial Times, p. 9.
Schenk, J. C., Kirschbaum, A. M., Charpentier, R. R., Klett, R. T., Brownfield, E. M., Pitman, K. J., Cook, A. T., Tennyson, E. M. (2010). Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Levant Basin province, Eastern Mediterranean. US Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3014/pdf/FS10-3014.pdf. Accessed 3 Feb 2012.
Schumpeter. (3 August 2013). The father of fracking. p. 56.
Scott, M. (24 2013 April). Europe struggles in shale gas race. The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/business/energy-environment/europe-faces-challenges-in-effort-to-embrace-shale-gas.html. Accessed 24 April 2013.
Scovazzi, T. (2012). Maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean. The German Marshall Fund of the United States (Policy Brief). Washington D.C.: The German Marshall Fund.
Shaffer, B. (2012). Energy resources and markets in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The German Marshall Fund of the United States (Policy Brief). Washington D.C.: The German Marshal Fund.
Shefler, G. (22 November 2011). Israel asks to export gas to Europe through Greece. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Israel-asks-to-export-gas-to-Europe-through-Greece. Accessed 23 Nov 2011.
Sigmalive (24 August 2011). Marcoullis is satisfied from her contacts in Israel. http://www.sigmalive.com/news/local/412776. Accessed 28 Aug 2011 (in Greek).
Spegele, B. & Scheck, J. (5 September 2013). Energy-hungry China struggles to join shale-gas revolution. The Wall Street Journal. p. A1.
Steffy, L. (5 May 2011). Cyprus an Energy goddess? Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Loren-Steffy-Cyprus-an-energy-goddess-1544289.php. Accessed 16 Sept 2011.
Steinglass, M. (27 August 2013a). Dutch edge closer to fracking. Financial Times. p. 4.
Stergiou, A. (2013). Turkey’s neo-Ottoman policy and the Greece-Israel-Cyprus Axis: Historical and geopolitical parameters. Thetis, 20, 487–499.
Ta Nea (2011a). Davutoğlu threatens for the oil explorations in Cyprus. http://www.tanea.gr/news/world/article/4647719/?iid=2. Accessed 9 Aug 2011 (in Greek).
Ta Nea (2011b). Euro-slap to Ankara. http://www.tanea.gr/news/world/article/4655652/?iid=2. Accessed 10 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
Ta Nea (2011c, November 4). The Mediterranean vision of Cyprus and Turkey. http://www.tanea.gr/news/greece/article/4670321/?iid=2. Accessed 4 Nov 2011 (in Greek).
Taylor, A. (6 September 2011). Turkey threatens naval action against Cyprus if they look for oil. Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com.au/turkey-cyprus-oil-2011-9. Accessed 10 Sept 2011.
Terzis, P. Y. (11 August 2013). Background and unknown conversations in the oval office. Kathimerini. http://www.kathimerini.gr/495718/article/epikairothta/politikh/paraskhnio-kai-agnwstoi-dialogoi-sto-oval-grafeio. Accessed 12 Aug 2013 (in Greek).
Today’s Zaman (22 September 2011). Erdoğan on crisis with Israel: We can go to war if necessary. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/07/world/middleeast/07turkey.html?_r=0. Accessed 21 July 2013.
Today’s Zaman (8 March 2013). Report: Egypt vows to cancel Egypt-Greek Cyprus EEZ deal. http://www.todayszaman.com/news-309156-report-egypt-vows-to-cancel-egypt-greek-cyprus-eez-deal.html. Accessed 2 June 2013.
The Economist. (2013a). Nuclear power: Fracked off. p. 40.
The Economist. (2013b). Spooked by shale: The shale-gas revolution unnerves Russian state capitalism. p. 63.
The Economist. (2013c). The future of oil. Yesterday’s fuel. p. 11.
The Jerusalem Post. (2011a). Cyprus promises to share gas profits with Turkish North. http://www.jpost.com/International/Cyprus-promises-to-share-gas-profits-with-Turkish-north. Accessed 22 Sept 2011.
The Jerusalem Post. (2011b). Turks begin gas exploration, risk feud with Cyprus, Israel. http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Turks-begin-gas-exploration-risk-feud-with-Cyprus-Israel. Accessed 2 Oct 2011.
The Jerusalem Post. (2011c). Israeli jets fly low over Turkish gas exploration ship. http://www.jpost.com/International/Israeli-jets-fly-low-over-Turkish-gas-exploration-ship. Accessed 2 Oct 2011.
The Jerusalem Post. (2011d). Turkey Denies Israeli Aircraft Harassed Turkish Ships. http://www.jpost.com/International/Turkey-denies-Israeli-aircraft-harassed-Turkish-ships. Accessed 2 Oct 2011.
The Jerusalem Post. (2012). N. Cyprus warns Israel against airspace Violations. http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/N-Cyprus-warns-Israel-against-airspace-violations. Accessed 18 May 2012.
Tsaltas, I.G. (2012). The EEZ trap: In the case of Greece, the ‘key’ is the Continental shelf. Foreign Affairs Hellenic Edition, 23–32. http://foreignaffairs.gr/articles/68746/grigoris-i-tsaltas/i-pagida-ton-aoz. Accessed 8 February 2013 (in Greek).
Tsalakos, K. Y. (18 December 2013). Oil (worth) 60 bill. Euros for Cyprus. Ta Nea. http://www.tanea.gr/news/economy/article/5065992/petrelaio-60-dis-gia-thn-kypro. Accessed 18 Dec 2013 (in Greek).
Tsangkari, P. (2 October 2011). In the game, British, Russians and French. Kathimerini, http://www.kathimerini.gr/438990/article/epikairothta/politikh/sto-paixnidi-vretanoi-rwsoi-kai-galloi. Accessed 3 Oct 2011 (in Greek).
Turkish Weekly. (29 September 2011). Turkey snubs EU, U.S. calls for Cyprus thaw. http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/124248/turkey-snubs-eu-us-calls-for-cyprus-thaw.html. Accessed 14 Oct 2011.
Tzimitras, H. (2012). The prospects for exploration and exploitation of oil and gas in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean: Some observations. In H. Faustmann, A. Gürel, G. M. Reichberg (Eds.), Cyprus offshore hydrocarbons: Regional politics and wealth distribution (pp. 29–37). Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
Udasin, S. (22 September 2011). Expert deems Turkish threat on Cyprus drilling serious. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Expert-deems-Turkish-threat-on-Cyprus-drilling-serious. Accessed 22 Sept 2011.
Udasin, S. (4 March 2012). Israel, Cyprus, Greece sign electric cable deal. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Israel-Cyprus-Greece-sign-electric-cable-deal. Accessed 5 March 2012.
Udasin, S. (21 Aug 2013). Tamar field partners find new gas reservoir nearby. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Enviro-Tech/Tamar-field-partners-find-more-natural-gas-nearby-323792. Accessed 24 Aug 2013.
Verleger, K. P. Jr. (2012). The amazing tale of U.S. energy independence. The International Economy, 26(2), 8–11 and 54–62.
Victor, G.D. (2013). The gas promise. In J. H. Kalicki & D. L. Goldwyn (Eds.), Energy and security: Strategies for a world in transition (pp. 88–106). Washington D.C: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
To Vima (26 September 2011a). The piri reis appears to have a course towards ’lot 12’ of the Cypriot EEZ. http://www.tovima.gr/world/article/?aid=421693&wordsinarticle=%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B9%3b%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82. Accessed 26 Sept 2011 (in Greek).
To Vima (10 December 2011b). Turkey commences explorations for oil in the occupied (territories). http://www.tovima.gr/world/article/?aid=434205&wordsinarticle=%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%3b%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%3b%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82%3b%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF. Accessed 10 Dec 2011 (in Greek).
Wählisch, M. (2011). Israel-Lebanon offshore oil and gas dispute–rules of international maritime law. Insights, 15(31), 1–8.
The Washington Post. (27 September 2011). Turkish frigates, jets escort ship that began oil and gas exploration off Cyprus. http://oniontearsnews.blogspot.com/2011/09/turkish-frigates-jets-escort-ship-that.html. Accessed 5 Oct 2011.
Wines, M. (18 November 2013). Colorado governor proposes strict limits on greenhouse gas leaks from drilling. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/us/colorado-governor-proposes-strict-limits-on-greenhouse-gas-leaks-from-drilling.html. Accessed 18 Nov 2013.
Wood, J. (17 April 2013). Lebanon pins economic hopes on oil and gas. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/world/middleeast/lebanon-pins-economic-hopes-on-oil-and-gas.html?pagewanted=all. Accessed 17 April 2013.
World Oil. (6 March 2013). Noble energy raises leviathan resource estimates to 18 TCF after appraisal drilling. http://www.worldoil.com/Noble-Energy-announces-increase-in-Leviathan-resource-estimate.html. Accessed 26 June 2014.
Yergin, D. (11 April 2011). Stepping on the gas. The Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703712504576232582990089002. Accessed 2 Aug 2014.
Yergin, D. (2012). The quest: Energy, security, and the remaking of the modern world. New York: Penguin Books.
Ynetnews (30 September 2011). Report: IAF jets circled over Turkish ships. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4129242,00.html. Accessed 2 Oct 2011.
Zuckerman, G. (2013). The frackers: The outrageous inside story of the new billionaire wildcatters. New York: Portfolio/Penguin.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tziampiris, A. (2015). The Beginning of Energy Cooperation Between Israel, Cyprus, and Greece. In: The Emergence of Israeli-Greek Cooperation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12604-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12604-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12603-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12604-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)