Abstract
Forward collisions represent a significant portion of all severe accidents. This is why appropriate warning and collision avoidance systems are of great importance to increase traffic safety. Different system specifications are subsumed under the so-called FVCX-systems; they differ in their way of affecting the overall system driver–vehicle–environment as forward collision conditioning, forward collision mitigation, forward collision warning, and forward collision avoidance systems. A more specific definition of FVCX-systems is derived by distinguishing them from other related systems such as adaptive cruise control and pedestrian safety systems which can also have an impact on forward collisions. The specifications of the actual systems already on the market can only be understood if the characteristics of machine perception are considered carefully. The progress in the field of machine perception enables the forward collision warning and avoidance systems. There are still limitations of state-of-the-art perception systems compared to attentive human drivers which must be considered when designing FVCX-functions. The state of the art in FVCX-systems is sketched out, highlighting realized examples of FVCX-systems of different car manufacturers. Another focus is on a systematic design process which is recommended for driver assistance systems. The motivation for driver assistance can always be derived from accident research. Already in the early conceptual phase functional safety, legal, ergonomic, and marketing aspects should be taken into consideration. Only if a consistent functional specification is found are further developments including package and architecture aspects justified. Concepts for testing and evaluation should be designed in an early development phase as well.
An earlier version of this chapter has been published in Eskandarian A (2012) Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles. Springer London
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bainbridge L (1983) Ironies of automation. In: Automatica 19, issue 6
Benmimoun M, Pütz A, Aust M, Faber F, Sánchez D, Metz B, Saint Pierre G, Geißler T, Guidotti L, Malta L (2012) euroFOT SP6 D6.1 final evaluation results
Bishop R (2005) Intelligent vehicles technology and trends. Artech House, Norwood, MA
Bloch A (2007) Tech No. www.auto-motor-und-sport.de, 16 2007
Bock T (2009) Bewertung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen mittels der Vehicle in the Loop-Simulation (Evaluation of driver assistance systems via Vehicle in the Loop-Simulations). In: Winner H, Hakuli S, Wolf G (eds) Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsysteme, 1st edn. Vieweg und Teubner, Wiesbaden, p 76
Bock T, Maurer M, Färber B (2007) Vehicle in the Loop (VIL) – a new simulator set-up for testing advanced driving assistance systems. In: Driving simulation conference North America, Iowa
Breu A, Holzmann M, Maurer M, Hilgers A (2007) Prozess zur Komplexitätsbeherrschung bei der Entwicklung eines Stillstandsmanagements für ein hochvernetztes Fahrerassistenzsystem (Process of complexity management at the development of a vehicle standstill management in the context of a highly coupled driver assistance system). In: Tagung stillstandsmanagement, Haus der Technik, Essen
Buld S, Tietze H, Krüger HP (2005) Auswirkungen von Teilautomation auf das Fahren (Effects of partly-automated systems towards driving tasks). In: Maurer M, Stiller C (eds) Fahrerassistenzsysteme mit maschineller Wahrnehmung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
Donner E, Winkle T, Walz R, Schwarz J (2007) RESPONSE 3 – code of practice for the design and evaluation of ADAS. In: Technischer Kongress des VDA, Sindelfingen
Ehrlenspiel K (2003) Integrierte Produktentwicklung (Integrated product development). Hanser, München
eSafety (2010) eSafetySupport. www.esafetysupport.org
Eskandarian A (ed) (2012) Handbook of intelligent vehicles. Springer, London
Färber B (1986) Abstandswahrnehmung und Bremsverhalten von Kraftfahrern im fließenden Verkehr (Perception of distance and braking behavior of car drivers in moving traffic). Zeitschrift für Verkehrssicherheit (32):9–13
Färber B, Maurer M (2005) Nutzer- und Nutzenparameter von Collision Warning und Collision Mitigation Systemen (User- and usage-parameters of Collision Warning and Collision Mitigation systems). In: Maurer M, Stiller C (eds) Workshop Fahrerassistenzsysteme Walting
Gelau C, Gasser TM, Seeck A (2009) Fahrerassistenz und Verkehrssicherheit (Driver assistance and traffic safety). In: Winner H, Hakuli S, Wolf G (eds) Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsysteme, 1st edn. Vieweg and Teubner, Wiesbaden, p 26
Gibson JJ (1950) The perception of the visual world. Houghton Mifflin, Cambridge, MA
Glaser H (2006) Fahrwerk und Fahrerassistenz – eine ideale Kombination? (Chassis and driver assistance – a perfect combination?). In: 7. Symposium zum Thema Automatisierungs-, Assistenzsysteme und eingebettete Systeme für Transportmittel. AAET, Braunschweig
Hurich W, Luther J, Schöner HP (2009) Koordiniertes Automatisiertes Fahren zum Entwickeln, Prüfen und Absichern von Assistenzsystemen (Coordinated automated driving for development, test and validation of driver assistance systems). In: 10. Symposium zum Thema Automatisierungs-, Assistenzsysteme und eingebettete Systeme für Transportmittel. AAET, Braunschweig
ISO 15623 (2011) International Organization for Standardization (ISO): intelligent transport systems – forward vehicle collision warning systems – performance requirements and test procedures, Geneva
ISO 22839 (2011) International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO 22839:2013 intelligent transport systems – forward vehicle collision mitigation systems – operation, performance, and verification requirements, Geneva
ISO 26262 (2011) International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO 26262:2011 road vehicles – functional safety, Geneva
Kiesewetter W, Klinkner W, Reichelt W, Steiner M (1997) Der neue Brake Assist von Mercedes Benz – aktive Fahrerunterstützung in Notsituationen (The new Brake assist of Mercedes Benz – Active driver assistance in emergency situations). In: ATZ Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift 99, issue 6
Kohoutek P, Dietz J, Burggraf B (2007) Entwicklungsziele und Konzeptauslegung des neuen Audi A4 (Development objectives and concept design of the new Audi A4). In: ATZ/MTZ extra – Der neue Audi A4, Vieweg
Kompass K, Huber W (2009) Integrale Sicherheit – effektive Wertsteigerung in der Fahrzeugsicherheit (Integral safety – effective increase of value in vehicle safety). In: Fahrzeugsicherheit und Elektronik, Umwelt und Energie, 11. Technischer Kongress des VDA
Kopf M (1999) RESPONSE Checklist for theoretical assessment of advanced driver assistance systems: methods, results and assessment of applicability
Kopf M (2005) Was nützt es dem Fahrer, wenn Fahrerinformationssysteme und – assistenzsysteme etwas über ihn wissen (Evaluating the benefit for drivers from driver information and assistance systems knowing its driver). In: Maurer M, Stiller C (eds) Fahrerassistenzsysteme mit maschineller Wahrnehmung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
Kopischke S (2000) Entwicklung einer Notbremsfunktion mit Rapid Prototyping Methoden (Development of an emergency breaking function with rapid prototyping methods), PhD thesis, Technische Universität Braunschweig
Kötz J (2000): Personal communication
Kraiss KF (1998) Benutzergerechte Automatisierung – Grundlagen und Realisierungskonzepte (User-friendly automation – principles and development concepts). In: at – Automatisierungstechnik 46, issue 10, Oldenbourg, p 457–467
Lucas B, Held R, Duba GP, Maurer M, Klar M, Freundt D (2008) Frontsensorsystem mit Doppel Long Range Radar (Frontal sensor system with double Long Range Radar). In: Maurer M, Stiller C (eds) 5. Workshop Fahrerassistenzsysteme Walting
Mäkinen T, Irion J, Miglietta M, Tango F, Broggi A, Bertozzi M, Appenrodt N, Hackbarth T, Nilsson J, Sjogren A, Sohnke T, Kibbel J (2007) APALACI final report 50.10b
Maurer M (2000) Flexible Automatisierung von Straßenfahrzeugen mit Rechnersehen (Flexible automation of road vehicles using computer vision). Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik. Bd. 443
Maurer M (2009) Entwurf und Test von Fahrerassistenzsystemen (Development and Test of driver assistance systems). In: Winner H, Hakuli S, Wolf G (eds) Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsysteme, 1st edn. Vieweg und Teubner, Wiesbaden
Maurer M, Wörsdörfer KF (2002) Unfallschwereminderung durch Fahrerassistenzsysteme mit maschineller Wahrnehmung – Potentiale und Risiken (Collision mitigation by driver assistance systems with machine-based perception – Potentials and Risks), Unterlagen zum Seminar Fahrerassistenzsysteme und aktive Sicherheit
Naab K, Reichart G (1998) Grundlagen der Fahrerassistenz und Anforderungen aus Nutzersicht (Principles of driver assistance systems and requirements from users’ perspective). Seminar Fahrerassistenzsysteme und aktive Sicherheit
Neukum A, Lübbeke T, Krüger HP, Mayser C, Steinle J (2008) ACC Stop&Go: Fahrerverhalten an funktionalen Systemgrenzen (ACC Stop&Go: Driver behavior at functional system limits). In: Maurer M, Stiller C (eds) Workshop Fahrerassistenzsysteme Walting
Reif K (2006) Automobilelektronik – Eine Einführung für Ingenieure (Automotive electronics – an introduction for engineers). ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch, Vieweg, Wiesbaden
Schäuffele J, Zurawka T (2006) Automotive software engineering 3rd edn. ATZ/MTZ-Fachbuch, Vieweg, Wiesbaden
Schmid V, Bernzen W, Schmitt J, Reutter D (2005) Eine neue Dimension der Aktiven und Passiven Sicherheit mit PRE-SAFE und Bremsassistent BAS PLUS in der neuen Mercedes-Benz S-Klasse (A new dimension of active and passive safety with PRE-SAFE and braking assist BAS PLUS in the new Mercedes-Benz S-Class). In: 12. Internationaler Kongress Elektronik im Kraftfahrzeug, VDI-Berichte Nr. 1907
Sugimoto Y, Sauer C (2005) Effectiveness estimation method for advanced driver assistance system and its application to collision mitigation brake system. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, pp 5–148
Weinberger M (2001) Der Einfluss von adaptive cruise control Systemen auf das Fahrverhalten (Influence of adaptive cruise control systems towards driving behavior). PhD thesis, Technische Universität München
Wiesbeck W (2006) Radar system engineering. Universität Karlsruhe, Lecture notes, 13rd edn. http://www2.ihe.uni-karlsruhe.de/lehre/grt/RSE_LectureScript_WS0607.pdf
Winner H (2002) Einrichtung zum Bereitstellen von Signalen in einem Kraftfahrzeug (System for the provision of signals in a vehicle). Patent DE 101 02 771 A1, Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, date of filing 2001/23/01, date of publication: 25 Jul 2002
Yerkes R, Dodson J (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. J Comp Neurol Psychol 18(5):459–482
Zanten van A, Kost F (2009) Bremsenbasierte Assistenzfunktionen (Brake-based driver assistance functions). In: Winner H, Hakuli S, Wolf G (eds) Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsysteme, 1st edn. Vieweg und Teubner, Wiesbaden, p 392
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Rieken, J., Reschka, A., Maurer, M. (2016). Development Process of Forward Collision Prevention Systems. In: Winner, H., Hakuli, S., Lotz, F., Singer, C. (eds) Handbook of Driver Assistance Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12352-3_48
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12352-3_48
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-12351-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-12352-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering