Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Multi-Targeted Approach to Treatment of Cancer pp 323–338Cite as

DNA Topoisomerase II: Promising Target for Anticancer Drugs

Abstract

Topoisomerase II inhibitors are being researched as targets for the generation of antineoplastic drugs because inhibition of topoisomerase II by theses drugs leads to cell death. Inhibitors bind with topoisomerase molecule thus making the enzyme nonfunctional and converting it into a cellular toxin that fragments the genome. Cancer cells divide more rapidly than normal cells. Thus, cancer cells would be killed preferably instead of normal cells by topoisomerase inhibitors. The inhibitors which decrease the overall activity of this enzyme are called catalytic inhibitors and that increase the level of topoisomerase–DNA-cleaved complexes are called poisons. Topoisomerase poisons are further divided into intercalating and non-intercalating. Phytochemicals have proven to be rich sources of topoisomerase II inhibitors and widely used as anticancer drugs, whereas some are components of human diet and known to act as chemopreventive agents. The present review explains the role of both categories of topoisomerase II inhibitors, viz., catalytic inhibitors and poisons, and their role in cancer chemoprevention.

Keywords

  • Topoisomerase II inhibitors
  • Cancer chemoprevention
  • Anticancer drugs
  • Cancer

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alberts DS, Peng YM, Bowden GT, Dalton WS, Mackel C (1985) Pharmacology of mitoxantrone: mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Invest New Drugs 3(2):101–107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andoh T, Ishida R (1998) Catalytic inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II. Biochem Biophys Acta 1400:155–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aplan PD, Chervinsky DS, Stanulla M, Burhans WC (1996) Site-specific DNA cleavage within the MLL breakpoint cluster region induced by topoisomerase II inhibitors. Blood 87(7):2649–2658

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austin CA, Barot HA, Margerrison EE, Turcatti G, Wingfield P, Hayes MV, Fisher LM (1990) Structure and partial amino acid sequence of calf thymus DNA topoisomerase II: comparison with other type II enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170(2):763–768

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azarova AM, Lin RK, Tsai YC, Liu LF, Lin CP, Lyu YL (2010) Genistein induces topoisomerase IIb- and proteasome-mediated DNA sequence rearrangements: implications in infant leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 399:66–71

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bariar B (2014) Topoisomerase II inhibitors induce an illegitimate genome rearrangement common in infant leukemia. Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. DAI/B74-11(E). Publication number 3589793. ISBN 9781303288661

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjornsti MA, Benedetti P, Vigilanti GA, Wang JC (1989) Expression of human DNA topoisomerase I in yeast cells lacking yeast DNA topoisomerase I: restoration of sensitivity of the cells to the antitumor drug camptothecin. Cancer Res 49:6318–6321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boland MP, Fitzgerald KA, ONeill LA (2000) Topoisomerase II is required for mitoxantrone to signal NF-kB activation in HL60 cells. J Biol Chem 275:25231–25238

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boritzki TJ, Besserer JA, Jackson RC, Fry DW (1988) Inhibition of type II topoisomerase by fostriecin. Biochem Pharmacol 37:4063–4068

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capranico G, Binaschi M (1998) DNA sequence selectivity of topoisomerases and topoisomerase poisons. Biochim Biophys Acta 1400(1–3):185

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caron PR, Watt P, Wang JC (1994) The C-terminal domain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA topoisomerase II. Mol Cell Biol 14(5):3197

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carraway HE, Gore SD (2007) Phase I trial of histone deacetylase inhibition by valproic acid followed by the topoisomerase II inhibitor epirubicin in advanced solid tumors: a clinical and translational study. J Clin Oncol 25(15):1955–1956

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Champoux JJ (2001) DNA topoisomerase: structure, function and mechanism. Annu Rev Biochem 70:369–413

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper RG, Magwere T (2008) Chloroquine: novel uses & manifestations. Indian J Med Res 127:305–316

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowell IG, Austin CA (2012) Mechanism of generation of therapy related leukemias in response to antitopoisomerase II agents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9:2075–2091

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deweese JE, Burgin AB, Osheroff N (2008) Human topoisomerase IIα uses a two-metal-ion mechanism for DNA cleavage. Nucleic Acids Res 36(15):4883

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downes CS, Clarke DJ, Mullinger AM, Gimenez-Abian JF, Creighton AM, Johnson RT (1994) A topoisomerase II-dependent G2 cycle checkpoint in mammalian cells. Nature 372(6505):467–470

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ettinger DS, Finkelstein DM, Ritch PS, Lincoln ST, Blum RH (2002) Study of either ifosfamide or teniposide compared to a standard chemotherapy for extensive disease small cell lung cancer: an Eastern Cooperative oncology Group randomized study. Lung Cancer 37:311–318

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felix CA (2001) Leukemias related to treatment with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors. Med Pediatr Oncol 36:525–535

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher LM, Rogers MP, Austin CA, Meczes EL, Marsh KL (1997) Complementation of temperature-sensitive topoisomerase II mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a human TOPOISOMERASE II construct allows the study of topoisomerase II inhibitors in yeast. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 39:367–375

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fogli S, Nieri P, Breschi MC (2004) The role of nitric oxide in anthracycline toxicity and prospects for pharmacologic prevention of cardiac damage. J FASEB 18(6):664–675

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortune JM, Osheroff N (2000) Topoisomerase II as a target for anticancer drugs: when enzymes stop being nice. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 64:221–253

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foury F (1997) Human genetic diseases: a cross-talk between man and yeast. Gene 195:1–10

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gewirtz DA (1999) A critical evaluation of the mechanisms of action proposed for the antitumor effects of the anthracycline antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin. Biochem Pharmacol 57(7):727–741

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giguere A, Hébert J (2011) Microhomologies and topoisomerase II consensus sequences identified near the breakpoint junctions of the recurrent t(7;21)(p22;q22) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 50(4):228–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habberstad AH, Gulati S, Torp SH (2011) Evaluation of the proliferation markers Ki-67/MIB-1, mitosin, survivin, pHH3, and DNA topoisomerase IIa in human anaplastic astrocytomas- an immunohistochemical study. Diagn Pathol 6:43

    CrossRef  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajji N, Mateos S, Pastor N, Dominguez I, Cortes F (2005) Induction of genotoxic and cytotoxic damage by aclarubicin, a dual topoisomerase inhibitor. Mutation Res 583:26–35

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harker WG, Slade DL, Parr RL, Feldhoff PW, Sullivan DM, Holguin MH (1995) Alterations in the topoisomerase II alpha gene, messenger RNA, and subcellular protein distribution as well as reduced expression of the DNA topoisomerase II beta enzyme in a mitoxantrone-resistant HL-60 human leukemia cell line. Cancer Res 55(8):1707–1716

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasinoff BB, Abram M, Barnabe N, Khelifa T, Allan W, Yalowich J (2001) The catalytic DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor dexrazoxane (ICRF-187) induces differentiation and apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells. Mol Pharmacol 59(3):453–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastie CJ, Cohen PT (1998) Purification of protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit: inhibition by the antitumour drug fostriecin and other tumour suppressors and promoters. FEBS Lett 431:357–361

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heck MM, Earnshaw WC (1986) Topoisomerase II: a specific marker for cell proliferation. J Cell Biol 103(6 Pt 2):2569–2581

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiang YH, Wu HY, Liu LF (1988) Proliferation-dependent regulation of DNA topoisomerase II in cultured human cells. Cancer Res 48:3230–3235

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs RJ, Davies SL, Sandri MI, Redwood C, Wells NJ, Hickson ID (1998) Physiological regulation of eukaryotic topoisomerase II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1400:121–137

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson RC, Fry DW, Boritzki TJ, Roberts BJ, Hooke KE, Leopold WR (1985) Biochemical pharmacology of CI-920, a structurally novel antibiotic with antileukemic activity. Adv Enzyme Regul 23:193–215

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen S, Andersen AH, Kjeldsen E, Biersack H, Olsen EH, Andersen TB, Westergaard O, Jakobsen BK (1996) Analysis of functional domain organization in DNA topoisomerase II from humans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 16(7):3866

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jobe M, Iwegbu CA, Banful A, Bosier E, Iqbal M, Jones K, Lecutier SJ, Lepper K, Redmond M, Parker AR, Ward E, Wernham P, Whidden EM, Tyler KM, Steverding D (2012) Differential in vitro activity of the DNA topoisomerase inhibitor idarubicin against Trypanosoma rangeli and Trypanosoma cruzi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107(7):946–950

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karpinich NO, Tafani M, Rothman RJ, Russo MA, Farber JL (2002) The course of etoposide-induced apoptosis from damage to DNA and p53 activation to mitochondrial release of cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 277:16547–16552

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato S, Kikuchi A (1998) DNA topoisomerase: the key enzyme that regulates DNA super structure. J Med Sci 61:11–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketron AC, Osheroff N (2014) Phytochemicals as anticancer and chemoprotective topoisomerase II poisons. Phytochem Rev 13:19–35

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi K, Ratain MJ (1994) Pharmacodynamics and long-term toxicity of etoposide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 34:64–68

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Koceva-Chyla A, Jedrzejczak M, Skierski J, Kania K, Jozwiak Z (2005) Mechanisms of induction of apoptosis by anthraquinone anticancer drugs aclarubicin and mitoxantrone in comparison with doxorubicin: relation to drug cytotoxicity and caspase-3 activation. Apoptosis 10(6):1497–1514

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz JE, Holm C (1990) Cloning by function: an alternative approach for identifying yeast homologs of genes from other organisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:6629–6633

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krohn (2008) Anthracycline chemistry and biology: biological occurrence and biosynthesis, synthesis and chemistry: No. 1. 1 (9 July 2008). In: Krohn K (ed) Topics in current chemistry. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen AK, Escargueil AE, Skladanowski A (2003) Catalytic topoisomerase II inhibitors in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 99(2):167–181

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann M, Vilar Kde S, Franco A, Reguly ML, Rodrigues de Andrade HH (2004) Activity of topoisomerase inhibitors daunorubicin, idarubicin, and aclarubicin in the drosophila somatic mutation and recombination test. Environ Mol Mutagen 43(4):250–257

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leopold WR, Shillis JL, Mertus AE, Nelson JM, Roberts BJ, Jackson RC (1984) Anticancer activity of structurally novel antibiotic CI-920 and its analogues. Cancer Res 44:1928–1932

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo GD, Rea A, Carlomagno C, Pepe S, Palmieri G, Labianca R, Chirianni A, Stefano AD, Esposito V, Placido SD, Montesarchio V (2007) Activity and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II study. World J Gastroenterol 13(48):6553–6557

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch BJ, Guinee DG Jr, Holden JA (1997) Human DNA topoisomerase II-alpha: a new marker of cell proliferation in invasive breast cancer. Hum Pathol 28(10):1180–1188

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mc Clendona AK, Osheroff N (2007) DNA topoisomerase II, genotoxicity, and cancer. Mutat Res 623:83–97

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L (2004) Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev 56:185–229

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nitiss JL (2009a) Targeting DNA topoisomerase II in cancer chemotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 9:338–350

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nitiss JL (2009b) DNA topoisomerase II and its growing repertoire of biological functions. Nat Rev Cancer 9(5):327

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otake Y, Mims A, Fernandes D (2006) Merbarone induces activation of caspase-activated DNase and excision of chromosomal DNA loops from the nuclear matrix. Mol Pharmacol 69(4):1477–1485

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park Y, Kim EJ, Park HJ, Fields K, Dunker AK, Kang CH (2005) Interaction between cardiac calsequestrin and drugs with known cardiotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 67:97–104

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pastor N, Domínguez I, Orta ML, Campanella C, Mateos S, Cortes F (2012) The DNA topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor merbarone is genotoxic and induces endoreduplication. Mutat Res 738–739:45–51

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Permana PA, Snapka RM, Shen LL, Chu DTW, Clement JJ, Plattner JJ (1994) Quinobenoxazines: a class of novel antitumor quinolines and potent mammalian DNA topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors. Biochemistry 33:11333–11339

    Google Scholar 

  • Petita T, Wiltb M, Veltenc M, Millond R, Rodiere JF, Borela C, Morsa R, Haegele P, Eberd M, Ghnassiab JP (2004) Comparative value of tumour grade, hormonal receptors, Ki-67, HER-2 and topoisomerase II alpha status as predictive markers in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 40:205–211

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Pommier Y (2013) Drugging topoisomerases: lessons and challenges. ACS Chem Biol 8:82–95

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Relling MV, Pui CH, Sandiund JT, Rivera GK, Hancock ML, Boyett JM (2000) Adverse effect of anticonvulsants on efficacy of chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 356:285–290

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roca J, Wang JC (1994) DNA transport by a type II DNA topoisomerase: evidence in favor of a two-gate mechanism. Cell 77(4):609

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross JA (2000) Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: a pathway to infant leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:4411–4413

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeffler AJ, Berger JM (2005) Recent advances in understanding structure-function relationships in the type II topoisomerase mechanism. Biochem Soc Trans 33(6):1465

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott LJ, Figgitt DP (2004) Mitoxantrone: a review of its use in multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 18(6):379–396

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiozaki K, Yanagida M (1991) A functional 125-kDa core polypeptide of fission yeast DNA topoisomerase II. Mol Cell Biol 11(12):6093

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahelin HF, von Wartburg A (1991) The chemical and biological route from podophyllotoxin glucoside to etoposide: ninth Cain memorial Award lecture. Cancer Res 51:5–15

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surh Y-J (2003) Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer 3:768–780

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur DS (2011) Topoisomerase II inhibitors in cancer treatment. Int J Pharmac Sci Nanotechnol 3(4):1173–1181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thigpen JT (2004) Innovations in anthracycline therapy: overview. Commun Oncol 2(1):3–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Thuy TT, Lee HC, Kim CG, Heide L, Sohng JK (2005) Functional characterizations of novWUS involved in novobiocin biosynthesis from Streptomyces spheroides. Arch Biochem Biophys 436(1):161–167

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treszezamsky AD, Kachnic LA, Feng Z et al (2007) BRCA1 and BRCA2 deficient cells are sensitive to etoposide-induced DNA double-strand breaks via topoisomerase II. Cancer Res 67:7078–7081

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tse YC, Kirkegaard K, Wang JC (1980) Covalent bonds between protein and DNA. Formation of phosphotyrosine linkage between certain DNA topoisomerases and DNA. J Biol Chem 255(12):5560–5565

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ueki Y, Naito I, Oohashi T, Sugimoto M, Seki T, Yoshioka H, Sado Y, Sato H, Sawai T, Sasaki F, Matsuoka M, Fukuda S, Ninomiya Y (1998) Topoisomerase I and II consensus sequences in a 17-kb deletion junction of the COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes and immunohistochemical analysis of esophageal leiomyomatosis associated with Alport syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 62(2):253–261

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Maanen JM, Retèl J, de Vries J, Pinedo HM (1988) Mechanism of action of antitumor drug etoposide: a review. J Natl Cancer Inst 80(19):1526–1533

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vejpongsa P, Yeh ETH (2014) Topoisomerase 2β: a promising molecular target for primary prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 95:45–52

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh AH, Cheng A, Honkanen RE (1997) Fostriecin, an antitumor antibiotic with inhibitory activity against serine/threonine protein phosphatases types 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), is highly selective for PP2A. FEBS Lett 416(3):230–234

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JC (2002) Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective. Reviews. Nature Publishing Group 3:430

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Roy SK, Eastmond DA (2007) Differential cell cycle specificity for chromosomal damage induced by merbarone and etoposide in V79 cells. Mutat Res 616(1–2):70–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson CS, Medeiros LJ, Lai R, Butch AW, McCourty A, Kelly K, Brynes RK (2001) DNA topoisomerase II in multiple myeloma: a marker of cell proliferation and not drug resistance. Mod Pathol 14(9):886–891

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilstermann AM, Osheroff N (2003) Stabilization of eukaryotic topoisomerase II-DNA cleavage complexes. Curr Top Med Chem 3(18):321–338

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman LR, Spencer CM (1997) Mitoxantrone. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of hormone-resistant advanced prostate cancer. Drugs Aging 10(6):473–485

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woessner RD, Mattern MR, Mirabelli CK, Johnson RK, Drake FH (1991) Proliferation- and cell cycle-dependent differences in expression of the 170 kilodalton and 180 kilodalton forms of topoisomerase II in NIH-3 T3 cells. Cell Growth Differ 2:209–214

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Liu X, Bawa-Khalfe T, Lu LS, Lyu YL, Liu LF, Yeh ET (2012) Identification of the molecular basis of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Nat Med 18(11):1639–1642

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India

    Paramjeet Kaur, Varinder Kaur & Satwinderjeet Kaur

Authors
  1. Paramjeet Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Varinder Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Satwinderjeet Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Satwinderjeet Kaur .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Varsha Gandhi

  2. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Kapil Mehta

  3. Delhi State Cancer Institute (East), Delhi, India

    Rajesh Grover

  4. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Sen Pathak

  5. Department of Bioimmunotherapy, Section of Cytokine Research, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bharat B. Aggarwal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Kaur, P., Kaur, V., Kaur, S. (2015). DNA Topoisomerase II: Promising Target for Anticancer Drugs. In: Gandhi, V., Mehta, K., Grover, R., Pathak, S., Aggarwal, B. (eds) Multi-Targeted Approach to Treatment of Cancer. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12253-3_20

Download citation

search

Navigation