Abstract
At the international level, there are a number of international organizations and political initiatives supporting the development and use of CCS. Their role and their main activities can be assigned to the major challenges associated with the development and use of CCS: (1) The cooperation to include CCS in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), (2) developing incentives for the demonstration of CCS, and (3) pooling and dissemination of knowledge from R&D activities. The international organizations and initiatives considered comprise e.g. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), G8, International Energy Agency (IEA), Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), and the Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (GCCSI).
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Notes
- 1.
“Observations from engineered and natural analogues as well as models suggest that the fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is very likely […] to exceed 99 % over 100 years and is likely […] to exceed 99 % over 1,000 years”. “Very likely” is a probability between 90 and 99 %, “Likely” is a probability between 66 and 90 % (IPCC 2005, p. 14)”.
- 2.
The new IPCC Guidelines amend the version published in 1996.
- 3.
See the forecasts in the ‘World Energy Outlook’ published annually by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
- 4.
For more on the risks associated with the management of CCS projects in CDM host countries, see Pollak and Wilson (2009).
- 5.
Certified emission reductions (CERs) allocated as a result of CDM projects are not limited by a quantified emissions budget. Instead, the total number of available CERs increases in the system as a whole. The flooding of the CDM market with CERs would endanger the integrity of the instrument in terms of the objective of a global emissions reduction, because the CDM aims to shift the reduction of emissions and not to reduce them (Bode 2009).
- 6.
The 6th Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP).
- 7.
Should the number of CERs not suffice to cover fugitive CO2 emissions, other mechanisms and rules will apply.
- 8.
For an analysis of the driving factors behind the institutional transformation of the International Energy Agency, see Van de Graaf and Lesage (2009).
- 9.
The USA signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 but has yet to ratify it.
- 10.
Australia signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 but only ratified it in 2007. Australia’s obligation comprises an increase of 8 % in GHG emissions compared to the reference year 1990.
- 11.
Canada signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1998, ratified it in 2002, and withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011. Canada’s obligation to reduce emissions was 6 % compared to the reference year 1990.
- 12.
As of May 2012.
- 13.
Cf. Schenk and Hake, Chap. 13.
- 14.
For details on the characteristics of CCS and analogous technologies, see (Rai et al. 2009).
- 15.
As of May 2012.
- 16.
As of May 2012.
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Hake, JF., Schenk, O. (2015). International Cooperation in Support of CCS. In: Kuckshinrichs, W., Hake, JF. (eds) Carbon Capture, Storage and Use. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11943-4_14
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