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Laser Spectroscopy Using Topological Light Beams

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Progress in Nanophotonics 3

Part of the book series: Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics ((NON))

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Abstract

Simplifications of systems are important for understanding their universal and/or intrinsic properties. Topology is one of the key concepts of such procedures, which focuses simply on the connectivity of the system to clarify the essential aspects of the geometric structures. To date, this concept has been extended to the field of physics, especially to the condensed matter physics and materials science. For example, topological defects have been observed in various materials, such as liquid crystals, superconductors, and electron gas systems in semiconductors. More recently, photoexcitations to some specific materials (mainly semiconductor nanostructures) have also revealed formation of topological defects. On the other hand, optical field itself includes a topological character, which has been well known as “optical or polarization vortex”, “twisted light”, and “helical or Laguerre-Gauss light” beams. These topological light beams exhibit spiral (spatial) variations of the phase (polarization) producing phase (polarization) singularities on the wavefront, which can be regarded as topological defects (screw dislocations). Therefore, we have possibilities to evaluate the topological aspects of material system on the interactions with topological light beams. However, the question arises: does it make any sense to apply the topological concept to the laser spectroscopy? The purpose of this chapter is to answer the question by introducing our recent research on this topic. Experimental results will be presented and discussed in terms of topological order of electrons. The chapter begins with the basics of topological light beams together with their important properties for laser spectroscopy (Sect. 3.1). Both the historical background and the overview of applications will also be introduced. In Sects. 3.2 and 3.3, we present several techniques for generating and evaluating the topological light beams, which are useful and needed in the experimental sections. We also discuss their advantages and drawbacks. In Sects. 3.4 and 3.5, we present our experimental results on nonlinear four-wave-mixing and pump-probe reflection spectroscopy, respectively. In both cases, the spatial characteristics of the topological light beams allow us to investigate unique properties associated with topologically-ordered electrons in materials. Section 3.6 summarizes this chapter.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Prof. Yamane, Prof. Adachi, Prof. Oka, and Prof. Tanda (preparation of topological crystals in Sect. 3.5). We also wish to express our thanks to graduate and under-graduate students in our laboratory; Dr. Tokizane, Mr. Suzuki (Ph.D. student) and Mr. Shigematsu (PhD student).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Nishi-8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan

    Yasunori Toda & Ryuji Morita

  2. Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan

    Yasunori Toda & Ryuji Morita

Authors
  1. Yasunori Toda
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  2. Ryuji Morita
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Correspondence to Yasunori Toda .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Engineering, International Center for Nano Electron and Photon Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Motoichi Ohtsu

  2. Graduate School of Engineering, International Center for Nano Electron and Photon Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Takashi Yatsui

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Toda, Y., Morita, R. (2015). Laser Spectroscopy Using Topological Light Beams. In: Ohtsu, M., Yatsui, T. (eds) Progress in Nanophotonics 3. Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11602-0_3

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