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Neural Stem Cells in Response to Microenvironment Changes Inside and Outside of the Brain

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Cellular Therapy for Stroke and CNS Injuries

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

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Abstract

Neural stem cells/neural progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) residing in the neurogenic regions of the brain play a crucial role in brain development, brain plasticity, and brain repair. Recent progress in NSC/NPC research has advanced our understanding of the NSC/NPC niche and signaling networks controlling NSC/NPC proliferation and differentiation. However, the natural behavioral of NSCs/NPCs in response to physiological and pathological changes inside and outside the brain remains poorly understood. This chapter has summarized recent findings concerning NSC/NPC activity in the early stage of cortical brain ischemia and the hematopoietic stem cell growth factors in regulating NSC/NPC proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, future directions for NSC/NPC research are also discussed in this chapter.

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Abbreviations

Ara-C :

Cytosine-β-d-Arabinofuranoside

bFGF :

Basic fibroblast growth factor

bHLH :

Basic helix-loop-helix

BDNF :

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BrdU :

Bromodeoxyuridine

EGF :

Epidermal growth factor

EMVs :

Exosomes and microvesicles

G-CSF  :

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

GFAP :

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GFP  :

Green fluorescent protein

LTP :

Long-term potentiation

Ngn1:

Neurogenin 1

NSCs/NPCs :

Neural stem cells/neural progenitor cells

OB :

Olfactory bulb

RMS:

Rostral migratory stream

RT-PCR :

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SCF :

Stem cell factor

SGZ  :

Subgranular zone

SHRs :

Spontaneously hypertensive rats

SVZ :

Subventricular zone

TuJ1  :

Neuron-specific class iii beta-tubulin

VEGF :

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgements

This work was partially supported by The National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), R01 NS060911.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Institute for Human Performance, Room 4110, 750 E. Adams Street, 13210, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Li-Ru Zhao M.D., Ph.D.

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  1. Li-Ru Zhao M.D., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Li-Ru Zhao M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical College, Syracuse, New York, USA

    Li-Ru Zhao

  2. Loma Linda University School of Medicine Depts of Physiology, Loma Linda, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

Concluding Remarks

Concluding Remarks

NSCs/NPCs do not reside in an “isolated” microenvironment in the brain, the factors or molecules produced by other organs or systems may also regulate the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs/NPCs. Hematopoietic growth factors, SCF and G-CSF, are produced by bone marrow stromal cells and fibroblasts (Heinrich et al. 1993; Watari et al. 1994) to govern bone marrow stem cell survival, proliferation and differentiation . The findings provided in this chapter supports that SCF and G-CSF are also involved in cell fate determination and commitment of NSCs/NPCs. This observation leads to the insight that the physiological and pathological changes in other systems may also affect NSC/NPC proliferation and differentiation in the CNS . In fact, the precise role of NSCs/NPCs in the setting of brain injury remains poorly understood. Our research data suggest that the early reaction of NSCs/NPCs in the condition of cortical brain ischemia is self-protective: escaping away from the area suffering from ischemic injury. Cell-cell interaction and communication play a key role in directing the migrating NSCs/NPCs to flee. In addition, focal brain ischemia-induced the increase in proliferation of NSCs/NPCs during the 1st week after brain ischemia appears to be critical for neuroprotection . Further clarification of the contribution of brain ischemia-induced NSC/NPC amplification in brain protection is critically important because it will provide crucial evidence needed to assist in developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of stroke.

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Zhao, LR. (2015). Neural Stem Cells in Response to Microenvironment Changes Inside and Outside of the Brain. In: Zhao, LR., Zhang, J. (eds) Cellular Therapy for Stroke and CNS Injuries. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11481-1_2

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