Abstract
Building evacuation in case of emergencies has long been recognized as a crucial issue, especially for the stair evacuation because evacuees may spend most of the evacuation time in stairs. To predict the evacuation time in stairs, simulations are commonly used, but known simulations ignore the stair structure and the fact that people may change their speeds during evacuation. As a result, how to introduce a reasonable mechanism on how evacuees change their speeds and improve the stair evacuation simulation are important. In this paper, a new Cellular Automata (CA) model where a new grid map is introduced based on the stair structure, and then the interaction among evacuees can be simulated better than the existing CA simulations. To make a reasonable mechanism of changing speed, the social forces will be introduced to the new CA model based on the advantages of social force models. However, social force model is a continuous model and CA model is a discrete model, and there is a gap to use social forces directly into a discrete model. To bridge the gap, the system time interval is shortened, and then evacuees have variable speeds by updating their positions during several intervals. To validate this simulation, an experiment was held in a high-rise building. In the fire drill, harmless smoke was released to make the drill similar to real events. The simulation results are similar to the fire drill data by comparing evacuation time.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
D. Helbing, P. Molnár, Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. Phys. Rev. E 51(5), 4282–4286 (1995)
D. Helbing, I. Farkas, P. Molnár, T. Vicsek, Simulation of pedestrian crowds in normal and evacuation situations, in Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, ed. by M. Schreckenberg, S. D. Sharma (Springer, New York, 2002), pp. 21–58
A. Varas, M.D. Cornejo, D. Mainemer, B. Toledo, J. Rogan, V. Muñoz, J.A. Valdivia, Cellular automaton model for evacuation process with obstacles. Physica A 382, 631–642 (2007)
A. Kirchner, K. Nishinari, A. Schadschneider, Friction effects and clogging in a cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics. Phys. Rev. E 67(5), 056122 (2003)
A. Kirchner, A. Schadschneider, Simulation of evacuation processes using a bionics-inspired cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics. Physica A 312, 260–276 (2002)
W.G. Weng, T. Chen, H.Y. Yuan, W.C. Fan, Cellular automaton simulation of pedestrian counter flow with different walk velocities. Phys. Rev. E 74, 036102 (2006)
K. Yamamoto, S. Kokubo, K. Nishinari, Simulation for pedestrian dynamics by real-coded cellular automata (RCA). Physica A 379(2), 654–660 (2007)
R.D. Peacock, J.D. Averill, E.D. Kuligowski, Stairwell Evacuation from Buildings: What we Know we Don’t Know (U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 2010)
S. Gwynne, E.R. Galea, M. Owen, P.J. Lawrence, L. Filippidis, A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment. Build. Env. 34(6), 741–749 (1999)
G. Proulx, Movement of people: the evacuation timing, in The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. Society of Fire Protection Engineers (National Fire Protection Association, Quincy/Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, 2002), pp. 3341–3366
J. Lord, B. Meacham, B. Moore, R. Fahy, G. Proulx, Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capabilities of Computer Egress Models (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 2005), pp. 806–886
N. Pelechano, A. Malkawi, Evacuation simulation models: challenges in modeling high rise building evacuation with cellular automata approaches. Autom. Constr. 17(4), 377–385 (2008)
D. Helbing, L. Buzna, A. Johansson, T. Werner, Self-organized pedestrian crowd dynamics: experiments, simulations, and design solutions. Transp. Sci. 39(1), 1–24 (2005)
D. Helbing, I. Farkas, T. Vicsek, Simulating dynamical features of escape panic. Nature 407(6803), 487–490 (2000)
D. Helbing, A. Johansson, H.Z. Al-Abideen, Dynamics of crowd disasters: an empirical study. Phys. Rev. E 75(4), 046109 (2007). PRE
S. Wolfram, Statistical mechanics of cellular automata. Rev. Mod. Phys. 55(3), 601 (1983)
N. Ding, P.B. Luh, H. Zhang, T. Chen, Emergency evacuation simulation in staircases considering evacuees’ physical and psychological status, IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (IEEE CASE, 2013), pp. 741–746
J. Ma, S.M. Lo, W.G. Song, W.L. Wang, J. Zhang, G.X. Liao, Modeling pedestrian space in complex building for efficient pedestrian traffic simulation. Autom. Constr. 30(0), 25–36 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ding, N., Chen, T., Zhang, H., Luh, P.B. (2015). Stair Evacuation Simulation Based on Cellular Automata Model Considering Social Forces. In: Chraibi, M., Boltes, M., Schadschneider, A., Seyfried, A. (eds) Traffic and Granular Flow '13. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10629-8_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10629-8_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10628-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10629-8
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)