Abstract
Graph-based games are an important tool in computer science. They have applications in synthesis, verification, refinement, and far beyond. We review graph-based games with objectives on infinite plays. We give definitions and algorithms to solve the games and to give a winning strategy. The objectives we consider are mostly Boolean, but we also look at quantitative graph-based games and their objectives. Synthesis aims to turn temporal logic specifications into correct reactive systems. We explain the reduction of synthesis to graph-based games (or equivalently tree automata) using synthesis of LTL specifications as an example. We treat the classical approach that uses determinization of parity automata and more modern approaches.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abadi, M., Lamport, L., Wolper, P.: Realizable and unrealizable specifications of reactive systems. In: Ausiello, G., Dezani-Ciancaglini, M., Della Rocca, S.R. (eds.) Intl. Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). LNCS, vol. 372, pp. 1–17. Springer, Heidelberg (1989)
de Alfaro, L., Faella, M., Henzinger, T.A., Majumdar, R., Stoelinga, M.: The element of surprise in timed games. In: Amadio, R.M., Lugiez, D. (eds.) Intl. Conf. on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR). LNCS, vol. 2761, pp. 144–158. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A.: Interface automata. In: Tjoa, A.M., Gruhn, V. (eds.) Intl. Symp. on Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE), pp. 109–120. ACM, New York (2001)
de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A.: Interface theories for component-based design. In: Henzinger, T.A., Kirsch, C.M. (eds.) Intl. Conf. on Embedded Software (EMSOFT). LNCS, vol. 2211, pp. 148–165. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A., Kupferman, O.: Concurrent reachability games. Theor. Comput. Sci. 386(3), 188–217 (2007)
de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A., Mang, F.: Detecting errors before reaching them. In: Emerson, E.A., Sistla, A.P. (eds.) Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 1855, pp. 186–201. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
de Alfaro, L., Majumdar, R.: Quantitative solution of omega-regular games. In: Vitter, J.S., Spirakis, P.G., Yannakakis, M. (eds.) Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pp. 675–683. ACM, New York (2001)
Alur, R., Bodík, R., Dallal, E., Fisman, D., Garg, P., Juniwal, G., Kress-Gazit, H., Madhusudan, P., Martin, M.M.K., Raghothaman, M., Saha, S., Seshia, S.A., Singh, R., Solar-Lezama, A., Torlak, E., Udupa, A.: Syntax-guided synthesis. In: Irlbeck, M., Peled, D.A., Pretschner, A. (eds.) Dependable Software Systems Engineering, pp. 1–25. IOS Press, Amsterdam (2015)
Alur, R., Henzinger, T.A., Kupferman, O.: Alternating-time temporal logic. J. ACM 49, 672–713 (2002)
Alur, R., Torre, S.L.: Deterministic generators and games for LTL fragments. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 291–302. IEEE, Piscataway (2001)
Antoniotti, M.: Synthesis and verification of discrete controllers for robotics and manufacturing devices with temporal logic and the Control-D system. Ph.D. thesis, New York University (1995)
Baier, C., Größer, M., Leucker, M., Bollig, B., Ciesinski, F.: Controller synthesis for probabilistic systems. In: IFIP Intl. Conf. on Theoretical Computer Science, pp. 493–506 (2004)
Beeri, C.: On the membership problem for functional and multivalued dependencies in relational databases. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 5, 241–259 (1980)
Bertrand, N., Genest, B., Gimbert, H.: Qualitative determinacy and decidability of stochastic games with signals. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 319–328. IEEE, Piscataway (2009)
Björklund, H., Sandberg, S., Vorobyov, S.: A discrete subexponential algorithms for parity games. In: Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS). LNCS, vol. 2607, pp. 663–674. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Bjorklund, H., Sandberg, S., Vorobyov, S.: A combinatorial strongly subexponential strategy improvement algorithm for mean payoff games. In: Intl. Symp. on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS). LNCS, vol. 3153, pp. 673–685. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Blass, A., Gurevich, Y., Nachmanson, L., Veanes, M.: Play to test. In: Intl. Conf. on Formal Approaches to Software Testing (FATES). LNCS, vol. 3997. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Bloem, R., Chatterjee, K., Greimel, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jobstmann, B.: Robustness in the presence of liveness. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 6174, pp. 410–424. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Bloem, R., Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jobstmann, B.: Better quality in synthesis through quantitative objectives. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 5643, pp. 140–156. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Bloem, R., Greimel, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jobstmann, B.: Synthesizing robust systems. In: Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD), pp. 85–92. IEEE, Piscataway (2009)
Bodík, R., Jobstmann, B.: Algorithmic program synthesis: introduction. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 15(5–6), 397–411 (2013)
Bouyer, P., Fahrenberg, U., Larsen, K.G., Markey, N., Srba, J.: Infinite runs in weighted timed automata with energy constraints. In: Intl. Conf. on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems (FORMATS). LNCS, vol. 5215, pp. 33–47. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Bouyer, P., Fahrenberg, U., Larsen, K.G., Markey, N.: Ouaknine, J., Worrell, J., Verification of real-time systems. In: Clarke, E.M., Henzinger, T.A., Veith, H., Bloem, R. (eds.) Handbook of Model Checking. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)
Bradfield, J., Walukiewicz, I.: The mu-calculus. In: Clarke, E.M., Henzinger, T.A., Veith, H., Bloem, R. (eds.) Handbook of Model Checking. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)
Brázdil, T., Brozek, V., Chatterjee, K., Forejt, V., Kucera, A.: Two views on multiple mean-payoff objectives in Markov decision processes. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 33–42. IEEE, Piscataway (2011)
Brázdil, T., Chatterjee, K., Forejt, V., Kucera, A.: Trading performance for stability in Markov decision processes. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 331–340. IEEE, Piscataway (2013)
Brázdil, T., Chatterjee, K., Kucera, A., Novotný, P.: Efficient controller synthesis for consumption games with multiple resource types. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 23–38. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Brim, L., Chaloupka, J., Doyen, L., Gentilini, R., Raskin, J.F.: Faster algorithms for mean-payoff games. Form. Methods Syst. Des. 38(2), 97–118 (2011)
Bryant, R.E.: Binary decision diagrams: an algorithmic basis for symbolic model checking. In: Clarke, E.M., Henzinger, T.A., Veith, H., Bloem, R. (eds.) Handbook of Model Checking. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)
Büchi, J.R., Landweber, L.H.: Solving sequential conditions by finite-state strategies. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 138, 295–311 (1969)
Cassandras, C.G., Lafortune, S.: Introduction to Discrete Event Systems, 2nd edn. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Cerný, P., Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Radhakrishna, A., Singh, R.: Quantitative synthesis for concurrent programs. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 6806, pp. 243–259. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Chakrabarti, A., de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A., Stoelinga, M.: Resource interfaces. In: Intl. Conf. on Embedded Software (EMSOFT). LNCS, vol. 2855, pp. 117–133. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Chatterjee, K.: Stochastic \(\omega\)-regular games. Ph.D. thesis, UC Berkeley (2007)
Chatterjee, K.: The complexity of stochastic Müller games. Inf. Comput. 211, 29–48 (2012)
Chatterjee, K., de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A.: The complexity of stochastic Rabin and Streett games. In: Intl. Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). LNCS, vol. 3580, pp. 878–890. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Chatterjee, K., de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A.: The complexity of quantitative concurrent parity games. In: ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 678–687. ACM/SIAM, New York/Philadelphia (2006)
Chatterjee, K., de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A.: Strategy improvement in concurrent reachability games. In: Intl. Conf. on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST), pp. 291–300. IEEE, Piscataway (2006)
Chatterjee, K., de Alfaro, L., Henzinger, T.A.: Qualitative concurrent parity games. ACM Trans. Comput. Log. 12(4), 28 (2011)
Chatterjee, K., Chmelik, M., Tracol, M.: What is decidable about partially observable Markov decision processes with omega-regular objectives. In: Annual Conf. on Computer Science Logic (CSL). LIPIcs, vol. 23 (2013)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L.: The complexity of partial-observation parity games. In: Intl. Conf. on Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning (LPAR). LNCS, vol. 6397, pp. 1–14. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L.: Energy parity games. Theor. Comput. Sci. 458, 49–60 (2012)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L.: Partial-observation stochastic games: how to win when belief fails. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 175–184. IEEE, Piscataway (2012)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Gimbert, H., Henzinger, T.A.: Randomness for free. In: Intl. Symp. on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS). LNCS, vol. 6281, pp. 246–257. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Henzinger, T., Raskin, J.F.: Generalized mean-payoff and energy games. In: Annual Conf. on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS). LIPIcs, vol. 8, pp. 505–516. Schloss Dagstuhl—LZI, Dagstuhl (2010)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Henzinger, T.A.: Qualitative analysis of partially-observable Markov decision processes. In: Intl. Symp. on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS). LNCS, vol. 6281, pp. 258–269. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Henzinger, T.A.: A survey of partial-observation stochastic parity games. Form. Methods Syst. Des. 43(2), 268–284 (2013)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Henzinger, T.A., Raskin, J.: Algorithms for omega-regular games with imperfect information. In: Annual Conf. on Computer Science Logic (CSL). LNCS, vol. 4207, pp. 287–302. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Chatterjee, K., Doyen, L., Nain, S., Vardi, M.Y.: The complexity of partial-observation stochastic parity games with finite-memory strategies. In: Intl. Conf. on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures (FoSSaCS). LNCS, vol. 8412. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
Chatterjee, K., Forejt, V., Wojtczak, D.: Multi-objective discounted reward verification in graphs and MDPs. In: Intl. Conf. on Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning (LPAR). LNCS, vol. 8312. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
Chatterjee, K., Goyal, P., Ibsen-Jensen, R., Pavlogiannis, A.: Faster algorithms for algebraic path properties in recursive state machines with constant treewidth. In: Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL). ACM, New York (2015)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, M.: An O(n\(^{\mbox{2}}\)) time algorithm for alternating Büchi games. In: ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 1386–1399 (2012)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, M.: Efficient and dynamic algorithms for alternating Büchi games and maximal end-component decomposition. J. ACM 61(3), 15:1–15:40 (2014)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A.: Semiperfect-information games. In: Annual Conf. on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS). LNCS, vol. 3821, pp. 1–18. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A.: Assume-guarantee synthesis. In: Intl. Conf. on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS). LNCS, vol. 4424, pp. 261–275. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A.: A survey of stochastic omega-regular games. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 78(2), 394–413 (2012)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jobstmann, B.: Environment assumptions for synthesis. In: Intl. Conf. on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR). CONCUR, vol. 2008, pp. 147–161. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jobstmann, B., Singh, R.: Measuring and synthesizing systems in probabilistic environments. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 6174, pp. 380–395. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jurdziński, M.: Games with secure equilibria. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 160–169. IEEE, Piscataway (2004)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Jurdzinski, M.: Mean-payoff parity games. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 178–187 (2005)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Piterman, N.: Algorithms for Büchi games. In: Workshop on Games in Design and Verification (GDV) (2006)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Piterman, N.: Generalized parity games. In: Intl. Conf. on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures (FoSSaCS). LNCS, vol. 4423, pp. 153–167. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Chatterjee, K., Henzinger, T.A., Piterman, N.: Strategy logic. Inf. Comput. 208(6), 677–693 (2010)
Chatterjee, K., Jurdziński, M., Henzinger, T.A.: Simple stochastic parity games. In: Annual Conf. on Computer Science Logic (CSL). LNCS, vol. 2803, pp. 100–113. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Chatterjee, K., Jurdziński, M., Henzinger, T.A.: Quantitative stochastic parity games. In: ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 121–130. SIAM, Philadelphia (2004)
Chatterjee, K., Majumdar, R., Henzinger, T.A.: Markov decision processes with multiple objectives. In: Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS). LNCS, vol. 3884, pp. 325–336. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Chatterjee, K., Majumdar, R., Henzinger, T.A.: Stochastic limit-average games are in EXPTIME. Int. J. Game Theory 37(2), 219–234 (2008)
Chatterjee, K., Pavlogiannis, A., Velner, Y.: Quantitative interprocedural analysis. In: Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL). ACM, New York (2015)
Chatterjee, K., Raman, V.: Synthesizing protocols for digital contract signing. In: Intl. Conf. on Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation (VMCAI). LNCS, vol. 7148, pp. 152–168. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Chatterjee, K., Raman, V.: Assume-guarantee synthesis for digital contract signing. Form. Asp. Comput. 26(4), 825–859 (2014)
Chatterjee, K., Randour, M., Raskin, J.F.: Strategy synthesis for multi-dimensional quantitative objectives. In: Intl. Conf. on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR). LNCS, vol. 7454, pp. 115–131. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Chatterjee, K., Velner, Y.: Mean-payoff pushdown games. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 195–204. IEEE, Piscataway (2012)
Chatterjee, K., Velner, Y.: Hyperplane separation technique for multidimensional mean-payoff games. In: Intl. Conf. on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR). LNCS, vol. 8052, pp. 500–515. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
Chen, T., Forejt, V., Kwiatkowska, M.Z., Simaitis, A., Wiltsche, C.: On stochastic games with multiple objectives. In: Intl. Symp. on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS). LNCS, vol. 8087, pp. 266–277. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
Church, A.: Logic, arithmetic, and automata. In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, pp. 23–35. Institut Mittag-Leffler, Djursholm (1962)
Clarke, E.M., Emerson, E.A.: Design and synthesis of synchronization skeletons using branching-time temporal logic. In: Kozen, D. (ed.) Logic of Programs. LNCS, vol. 131, pp. 52–71. Springer, Heidelberg (1981)
Condon, A.: The complexity of stochastic games. Inf. Comput. 96(2), 203–224 (1992)
Condon, A.: On algorithms for simple stochastic games. In: Advances in Computational Complexity Theory. DIMACS Series in Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 13, pp. 51–73. AMS, Providence (1993)
Dill, D.L.: Trace theory for automatic hierarchical verification of speed-independent circuits. Ph.D. thesis, ACM Distinguished Dissertation Series. MIT Press (1989)
Dziembowski, S., Jurdziński, M., Walukiewicz, I.: How much memory is needed to win infinite games? In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 99–110. IEEE, Piscataway (1997)
Ehlers, R.: ACTL ∩ LTL synthesis. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 7358, pp. 39–54. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Ehlers, R.: Symbolic bounded synthesis. Form. Methods Syst. Des. 40(2), 232–262 (2012)
Ehrenfeucht, A., Mycielski, J.: Positional strategies for mean payoff games. Int. J. Game Theory 8(2), 109–113 (1979)
Emerson, E.A., Clarke, E.M.: Using branching time temporal logic to synthesize synchronization skeletons. Sci. Comput. Program. 2(3), 241–266 (1982)
Emerson, E.A., Jutla, C.S.: The complexity of tree automata and logics of programs. In: Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 328–337. IEEE, Piscataway (1988)
Emerson, E.A., Jutla, C.S.: Tree automata, mu-calculus and determinacy. In: Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 368–377. IEEE, Piscataway (1991)
Etessami, K., Kwiatkowska, M.Z., Vardi, M.Y., Yannakakis, M.: Multi-objective model checking of Markov decision processes. Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 4(4) (2008)
Etessami, K., Wilke, T., Schuller, R.A.: Fair simulation relations, parity games, and state space reduction for Büchi automata. SIAM J. Comput. 34(5), 1159–1175 (2005)
Etessami, K., Yannakakis, M.: Recursive Markov decision processes and recursive stochastic games. In: Intl. Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). LNCS, vol. 3580, pp. 891–903. Springer, Heidelberg (2005)
Etessami, K., Yannakakis, M.: Recursive concurrent stochastic games. In: Intl. Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). LNCS, vol. 4052, pp. 324–335. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Etessami, K., Yannakakis, M.: On the complexity of Nash equilibria and other fixed points. SIAM J. Comput. 39(6), 2531–2597 (2010)
Filar, J., Vrieze, K.: Competitive Markov Decision Processes. Springer, Heidelberg (1997)
Filiot, E., Jin, N., Raskin, J.F.: An antichain algorithm for LTL realizability. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 5643, pp. 263–277. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Finkbeiner, B., Schewe, S.: Uniform distributed synthesis. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 321–330. IEEE, Piscataway (2005)
Finkbeiner, B., Schewe, S.: Coordination logic. In: Annual Conf. on Computer Science Logic (CSL). LNCS, vol. 6247, pp. 305–319. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Forejt, V., Kwiatkowska, M.Z., Norman, G., Parker, D., Qu, H.: Quantitative multi-objective verification for probabilistic systems. In: Intl. Conf. on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS). LNCS, vol. 6065, pp. 112–127. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Friedmann, O.: An exponential lower bound for the parity game strategy improvement algorithm as we know it. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 145–156. IEEE, Piscataway (2009)
Friedmann, O.: Exponential lower bounds for solving infinitary payoff games and linear programs. Ph.D. thesis, University of Munich (2011)
Gastin, P., Oddoux, D.: Fast LTL to Büchi automata translation. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 2102, pp. 53–65. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Girault, A., Rutten, É.: Automating the addition of fault tolerance with discrete controller synthesis. Form. Methods Syst. Des. 35(2), 190–225 (2009)
Gurevich, Y., Harrington, L.: Trees, automata, and games. In: Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pp. 60–65. ACM, New York (1982)
Hansen, K.A., Koucký, M., Lauritzen, N., Miltersen, P.B., Tsigaridas, E.P.: Exact algorithms for solving stochastic games: extended abstract. In: Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pp. 205–214 (2011)
Henzinger, T.A., Krishnan, S., Kupferman, O., Mang, F.: Synthesis of uninitialized systems. In: Intl. Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). LNCS, vol. 2380, pp. 644–656. Springer, Heidelberg (2002)
Henzinger, T.A., Kupferman, O., Rajamani, S.: Fair simulation. Inf. Comput. 173, 64–81 (2002)
Horn, F.: Streett games on finite graphs. In: Workshop on Games in Design and Verification (GDV) (2005)
Immerman, N.: Number of quantifiers is better than number of tape cells. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 22, 384–406 (1981)
Jacobs, S., Bloem, R.: Parameterized synthesis. In: Intl. Conf. on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS). LNCS, vol. 7214, pp. 362–376. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Jobstmann, B., Bloem, R.: Optimizations for LTL synthesis. In: Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD), pp. 117–124. IEEE, Piscataway (2006)
Jobstmann, B., Staber, S., Griesmayer, A., Bloem, R.: Finding and fixing faults. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 78(2), 441–460 (2012)
Jurdziński, M.: Deciding the winner in parity games is in UP ∩ co-UP. Inf. Process. Lett. 68(3), 119–124 (1998)
Jurdziński, M.: Small progress measures for solving parity games. In: Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS). LNCS, vol. 1770, pp. 290–301. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Jurdziński, M., Paterson, M., Zwick, U.: A deterministic subexponential algorithm for solving parity games. In: ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA), pp. 117–123. ACM/SIAM, New York/Philadelphia (2006)
Katz, G., Peled, D.: Synthesizing solutions to the leader election problem using model checking and genetic programming. In: Intl. Haifa Verification Conference (HVC). LNCS, vol. 6405, pp. 117–132. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Kitzelmann, E.: Inductive programming: a survey of program synthesis techniques. In: Intl. Workshop on Approaches and Applications of Inductive Programming (AAIP), pp. 50–73 (2009)
Klein, U., Piterman, N., Pnueli, A.: Effective synthesis of asynchronous systems from GR(1) specifications. In: Intl. Conf. on Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation (VMCAI). LNCS, vol. 7148, pp. 283–298. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Kuncak, V., Mayer, M., Piskac, R., Suter, P.: Complete functional synthesis. In: Conf. on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), pp. 316–329. ACM, New York (2010)
Kupferman, O., Piterman, N., Vardi, M.Y.: Safraless compositional synthesis. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 4144, pp. 31–44. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.: Synthesis with incomplete information. In: 2nd International Conference on Temporal Logic, Manchester, pp. 91–106 (1997)
Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.: Weak alternating automata and tree automata emptiness. In: Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pp. 224–233. ACM, New York (1998)
Kupferman, O., Vardi, M.Y.: Safraless decision procedures. In: Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 531–542. IEEE, Piscataway (2005)
Madusudan, P.: Control and synthesis of open reactive systems. Ph.D. thesis, Theoretical Computer Science Group, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Madras (2001)
Maidl, M.: The common fragment of CTL and LTL. In: Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 643–652. IEEE, Piscataway (2000)
Maler, O., Pnueli, A., Sifakis, J.: On the synthesis of discrete controllers for timed systems. In: Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS). LNCS, vol. 900, pp. 229–242. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)
Manna, Z., Pnueli, A.: The Temporal Logic of Reactive and Concurrent Systems: Specification. Springer, Heidelberg (1992)
Manna, Z., Pnueli, A.: Temporal Verification of Reactive Systems. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)
Manna, Z., Wolper, P.: Synthesis of communicating processes from temporal logic specifications. Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 6(1), 68–93 (1984)
Martin, D.: The determinacy of Blackwell games. J. Symb. Log. 63(4), 1565–1581 (1998)
McNaughton, R.: Infinite games played on finite graphs. Ann. Pure Appl. Log. 65, 149–184 (1993)
Miyano, S., Hayashi, T.: Alternating finite automata on omega-words. Theor. Comput. Sci. 32, 321–330 (1984)
Mogavero, F., Murano, A., Sauro, L.: On the boundary of behavioral strategies. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 263–272 (2013)
Mogavero, F., Murano, A., Vardi, M.Y.: Reasoning about strategies. In: Annual Conf. on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS). LIPIcs, vol. 8, pp. 133–144 (2010)
Morgenstern, A.: Symbolic controller synthesis for LTL specifications. Ph.D. thesis, TU Kaiserslautern (2010)
Mostowski, A.: Regular expressions for infinite trees and a standard form of automata. In: Symposium on Computation Theory. LNCS, vol. 208, pp. 157–168. Springer, Heidelberg (1984)
Muller, D.E., Schupp, P.E.: Alternating automata on infinite objects, determinacy and Rabin’s theorem. In: Automata on Infinite Words. LNCS, vol. 192, pp. 100–107. Springer, Heidelberg (1984)
Nain, S., Vardi, M.Y.: Solving partial-information stochastic parity games. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 341–348. IEEE, Piscataway (2013)
Papadimitriou, C.H., Tsitsiklis, J.N.: The complexity of Markov decision processes. Math. Oper. Res. 12, 441–450 (1987)
Piterman, N.: From nondeterministic Büchi and Streett automata to deterministic parity automata. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 255–264. IEEE, Seattle (2006)
Piterman, N., Pnueli, A.: Faster solution of Rabin and Streett games. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 275–284. IEEE, Piscataway (2006)
Piterman, N., Pnueli, A.: Temporal logic and fair discrete systems. In: Clarke, E.M., Henzinger, T.A., Veith, H., Bloem, R. (eds.) Handbook of Model Checking. Springer, Heidelberg (2018)
Piterman, N., Pnueli, A., Sa´ar, Y.: Synthesis of reactive(1) designs. In: Intl. Conf. on Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation (VMCAI). LNCS, vol. 3855, pp. 364–380. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Pnueli, A.: The temporal logic of programs. In: Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 46–57. IEEE, Piscataway (1977)
Pnueli, A., Rosner, R.: On the synthesis of a reactive module. In: Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL), pp. 179–190. ACM, New York (1989)
Pnueli, A., Rosner, R.: On the synthesis of an asynchronous reactive module. In: Intl. Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). LNCS, vol. 372, pp. 652–671. Springer, Heidelberg (1989)
Pnueli, A., Rosner, R.: Distributed reactive systems are hard to synthesize. In: Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 746–757. IEEE, Piscataway (1990)
Puchala, B.: Asynchronous omega-regular games with partial information. In: Intl. Symp. on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS). LNCS, vol. 6281, pp. 592–603. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)
Rabin, M.O.: Decidability of second-order theories and automata on infinite trees. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 141, 1–35 (1969)
Ramadge, P.J., Wonham, W.M.: Supervisory control of a class of discrete event processes. SIAM J. Control Optim. 25, 206–230 (1987)
Ramadge, P.J.G., Wonham, W.M.: The control of discrete event systems. Proc. IEEE 77, 81–98 (1989)
Reif, J.H.: Universal games of incomplete information. In: Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), pp. 288–308. ACM, New York (1979)
Rosner, R.: Modular synthesis of reactive systems. Ph.D. thesis, Weizmann Institute of Science (1992)
Safra, S.: On the complexity of \(\omega\)-automata. In: Annual Symp. on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 319–327. IEEE, Piscataway (1988)
Schewe, S.: Synthesis for probabilistic environments. In: Intl. Symp. Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis (ATVA). LNCS, vol. 4218, pp. 245–259. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Schewe, S.: Solving parity games in big steps. In: Annual Conf. on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS). LNCS, vol. 4855, pp. 449–460. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Schewe, S.: An optimal strategy improvement algorithm for solving parity and payoff games. In: Annual Conf. on Computer Science Logic (CSL). LNCS, vol. 5213, pp. 369–384. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)
Schewe, S., Finkbeiner, B.: Synthesis of asynchronous systems. In: Intl. Sym. on Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation, 16th International (LOPSTR). LNCS, vol. 4407, pp. 127–142. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)
Schewe, S., Finkbeiner, B.: Bounded synthesis. In: Intl. Symp. Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis (ATVA). LNCS, vol. 4762, pp. 474–488. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Schneider, K.: Improving automata generation for linear temporal logic by considering the automaton hierarchy. In: Intl. Conf. on Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning (LPAR). LNCS, vol. 2250, pp. 39–54. Springer, Heidelberg (2001)
Sebastiani, R., Tonetta, S.: “More deterministic” vs. “smaller” Büchi automata for efficient LTL model checking. In: Correct Hardware Design and Verification Methods (CHARME). LNCS, vol. 2860, pp. 126–140. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)
Shapley, L.: Stochastic games. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 39, 1095–1100 (1953)
Sohail, S., Somenzi, F.: Safety first: a two-stage algorithm for LTL games. In: Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD), pp. 77–84. IEEE, Piscataway (2009)
Solar-Lezama, A., Jones, C.G., Bodík, R.: Sketching concurrent data structures. In: Conf. on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), pp. 136–148. ACM, New York (2008)
Solar-Lezama, A., Rabbah, R.M., Bodík, R., Ebcioglu, K.: Programming by sketching for bit-streaming programs. In: Conf. on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI), pp. 281–294. ACM, New York (2005)
Solar-Lezama, A., Tancau, L., Bodík, R., Seshia, S.A., Saraswat, V.A.: Combinatorial sketching for finite programs. In: Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), pp. 404–415. ACM, New York (2006)
Somenzi, F.: Colorado University Decision Diagram Package (1998). http://vlsi.colorado.edu/~fabio/CUDD/
Somenzi, F., Bloem, R.: Efficient Büchi automata from LTL formulae. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 1855, pp. 248–263. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Stockmeyer, L.: The complexity of decision problems in automata theory and logic. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1974)
Thomas, W.: Automata on infinite objects. In: van Leeuwen, J. (ed.) Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, vol. B, pp. 133–191. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1990)
Thomas, W.: On the synthesis of strategies in infinite games. In: Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS). LNCS, vol. 900, pp. 1–13. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)
Thomas, W.: Languages, automata, and logic. In: Rozenberg, G., Salomaa, A. (eds.) Handbook of Formal Languages, vol. 3, pp. 389–455. Springer, Heidelberg (1997). Beyond Words, Chap. 7
Vardi, M.Y.: An automata-theoretic approach to fair realizability and synthesis. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 939, pp. 267–278. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)
Vardi, M.Y., Wolper, P.: Reasoning about infinite computations. Inf. Comput. 115(1), 1–37 (1994)
Vechev, M.T., Yahav, E., Yorsh, G.: Inferring synchronization under limited observability. In: Intl. Conf. on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS). LNCS, vol. 5505, pp. 139–154. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
Vechev, M.T., Yahav, E., Yorsh, G.: Abstraction-guided synthesis of synchronization. In: Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL), pp. 327–338. ACM, New York (2010)
Velner, Y., Rabinovich, A.: Church synthesis problem for noisy input. In: Intl. Conf. on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures (FoSSaCS). LNCS, vol. 6604, pp. 275–289. Springer, Heidelberg (2011)
Vöge, J., Jurdziński, M.: A discrete strategy improvement algorithm for solving parity games. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 1855, pp. 202–215. Springer, Heidelberg (2000)
Walukiewicz, I.: Pushdown processes: games and model checking. In: Intl. Conf. on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). LNCS, vol. 1102, pp. 62–74. Springer, Heidelberg (1996)
Walukiewicz, I.: Pushdown processes: games and model-checking. Inf. Comput. 164(2), 234–263 (2001)
Walukiewicz, I.: A landscape with games in the background. In: Symp. on Logic in Computer Science (LICS), pp. 356–366. IEEE, Piscataway (2004)
Wang, Y., Lafortune, S., Kelly, T., Kudlur, M., Mahlke, S.A.: The theory of deadlock avoidance via discrete control. In: Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL), pp. 252–263. ACM, New York (2009)
Zielonka, W.: Infinite games on finitely coloured graphs with applications to automata on infinite trees. Theor. Comput. Sci. 200(1–2), 135–183 (1998)
Zwick, U., Paterson, M.: The complexity of mean payoff games on graphs. Theor. Comput. Sci. 158, 343–359 (1996)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bloem, R., Chatterjee, K., Jobstmann, B. (2018). Graph Games and Reactive Synthesis. In: Clarke, E., Henzinger, T., Veith, H., Bloem, R. (eds) Handbook of Model Checking. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10575-8_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10575-8_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10574-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10575-8
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)