Abstract
Rapidly exploring randomised trees (RRTs) are a useful tool generating maps for use by agents to navigate. A disadvantage to using RRTs is the length of time required to generate the map. In large scale environments, or those with narrow corridors, the time needed to create the map can be prohibitive. This paper explores a new method for improving the generation of RRTs in large scale environments. We look at using trails as a new source of information for the agent’s map building process. Trails are a set of observations of how other agents, human or AI, have navigated an environment. We evaluate RRT performance in two types of virtual environment, the first generated to cover a variety of scenarios an agent may face when building maps, the second is a set of ‘real’ virtual environments based in Second Life. By including trails we can improve the RRT generation step in most environments, allowing the RRT to be used to successfully plan routes using fewer points and reducing the length of the overall route.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alempijevic, A., Fitch, R., Kirchner, N.: Bootstrapping navigation and path planning using human positional traces. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp. 1242–1247. IEEE (2013)
Bradley, R.: The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press (2007)
Branicky, M.S., LaValle, S.M., Olson, K., Yang, L.: Deterministic vs. probabilistic roadmaps. Submitted to the IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation (2002)
Branicky, M.S., LaValle, S.M., Olson, K., Yang, L.: Quasi-randomized path planning. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2001, vol. 2, pp. 1481–1487 (2001)
Chittaro, L., Ranon, R., Ieronutti, L.: Vu-flow: A visualization tool for analyzing navigation in virtual environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 12(6), 1475–1485 (2006)
Geraerts, R., Overmars, M.H.: A comparative study of probabilistic roadmap planners. In: Workshop on the Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics (2002)
Grammenos, D., Filou, M., Papadakos, P., Stephanidis, C.: Virtual prints: leaving trails in virtual environments. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Virtual Environments 2002, p. 131. Eurographics Association (2002)
Grammenos, D., Mourouzis, A., Stephanidis, C.: Virtual prints: Augmenting virtual environments with interactive personal marks. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 64(3), 221–239 (2006)
Jiang, J.-R., Huang, C.-C., Tsai, C.-H.: Avatar path clustering in networked virtual environments. In: ICPADS, pp. 845–850. IEEE (2010)
Kavraki, L.E., Svestka, P., Latombe, J.-C., Overmars, M.H.: Probabilistic roadmaps for path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 12(4), 566–580 (1996)
Kuffner Jr, J.J., LaValle, S.M.: Rrt-connect: An efficient approach to single-query path planning. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2000, vol. 2, pp. 995–1001. IEEE (2000)
Kumar, S., Chakravorty, S.: Adaptive sampling for generalized probabilistic roadmaps. Journal of Control Theory and Applications 10(1), 1–10 (2012)
LaValle, S.M.: Rapidly-exploring random trees: A new tool for path planning, Technical report, Iowa State University (1998)
Linden Research Inc. Second life official site (2012), http://secondlife.com (last accessed January 8, 2014)
Miller, J.L., Crowcroft, J.: Avatar movement in world of warcraft battlegrounds. In: Proceedings of the 8th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games, p. 1. IEEE Press (2009)
Myhill, C.: Commercial success by looking for desire lines. In: Masoodian, M., Jones, S., Rogers, B. (eds.) APCHI 2004. LNCS, vol. 3101, pp. 293–304. Springer, Heidelberg (2004)
Park, B., Choi, J., Chung, W.K.: Path reconstruction method for sampling based planners. In: 2010 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts, ARSO, pp. 81–86. IEEE (2010)
Pouke, M.: Using gps data to control an agent in a realistic 3d environment. In: 2013 Seventh International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Apps, Services and Technologies (NGMAST), pp. 87–92. IEEE (2013)
Ruddle, R.: The effect of trails on first-time and subsequent navigation in a virtual environment. In: VR 2005: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality, pp. 115–122, 321. IEEE Computer Society (2005)
Russell, S.J., Norvig, P.: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson Education (2003)
Samperi, K., Hawes, N., Beale, R.: Improving map generation in large-scale environments for intelligent virtual agents. In: The AAMAS 2013 Workshop on Cognitive Agents for Virtual Environments. LNCS. Springer (May 2013)
Samperi, K., Beale, R., Hawes, N.: Please keep off the grass: individual norms in virtual worlds. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers, BCS-HCI 2012, pp. 375–380. British Computer Society (September 2012)
Stoffel, E.-P., Schoder, K., Ohlbach, H.J.: Applying hierarchical graphs to pedestrian indoor navigation. In: GIS 2008: Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, pp. 1–4. ACM, New York (2008)
Yee, N., Bailenson, J.N., Urbanek, M., Chang, F., Merget, D.: The unbearable likeness of being digital: The persistence of nonverbal social norms in online virtual environments. Cyberpsychology & Behavior: The Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society 10(1), 115–121 (2007)
Yuan, F., Twardon, L., Hanheide, M.: Dynamic path planning adopting human navigation strategies for a domestic mobile robot’. In: Intelligent Robots and Systems, pp. 3275–3281. IEEE (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Samperi, K., Hawes, N. (2014). Improving the Generation of Rapidly Exploring Randomised Trees (RRTs) in Large Scale Virtual Environments Using Trails. In: Mistry, M., Leonardis, A., Witkowski, M., Melhuish, C. (eds) Advances in Autonomous Robotics Systems. TAROS 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8717. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10401-0_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10401-0_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10400-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10401-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)