Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hysterical Ocular Functional Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Functional Ophthalmic Disorders

Abstract

The most common complaint in a patient with unconsciously produced ocular hysteria is poor vision. The condition is most often bilateral. Rarely is the complaint that of total blindness. The alleged vision is poor, but the objective refractive error is inconsistent with the subjective visual acuity. The actual visual acuity measurement is frequently normal or near normal, and it may be variable and subject to suggestion. The most common visual field defect seen is tubular. On careful history, many of the patients have a source of stress or conflict in their life that may be so untenable that the unconscious mind has produced the symptoms in attempt to remove itself from the situation. Functional disorders can coexist with organic disease, ranging from 18 to 53 % in studies. With careful reassurance that no serious disease is present and that recovery is expected, the functional condition resolves at least half of the time in adults and in three-quarters of children. A portion (0–11 %) of functional patients may develop an organic disorder on follow-up examination, so a return visit is recommended if the patient does not improve. Serious associated or underlying psychiatric disease is more common in adults than children.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Chapter © 2016

References

  • Aring, C. (1965). Observations on multiple sclerosis and conversion hysteria. Brain, 88(4), 663–674.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aschoff, J. C., Becker, W., & Rettelbach, R. (1976). Voluntary nystagmus in five generations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 39(3), 300–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahn, C. A. (1943). The psychoneurotic factor in ophthalmic practice. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 26, 369–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, B., Scheele, D., Moessner, R., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2013). Deciphering the neural signature of conversion blindness. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 121–122. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, R. J. (1978). Psychogenic visual disorders in an abused child: a case report. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 55, 735–738.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, R. D., & Gole, G. A. (1994). Detection of functional vision loss using the Ishihara plates. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology, 22(2), 116–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodksy, M. C., Baker, R. S., & Hamed, L. M. (1996). Chapter 5. Transient, unexplained, and psychogenic visual loss in children. In M. C. Brodsky, R. S. Baker, & L. M. Hamed (Eds.), Pediatric neuro-ophthalmology (pp. 164–200). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, B. B., & Newman, N. J. (2010). Functional visual loss. Neurologic Clinics, 28(3), 789–802. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2010.03.012.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. M. G., & Cross, A. G. (1944). Ocular neurosis. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 28, 394–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, L. R., & Nadelson, T. (1980). Multiple sclerosis and hysteria: lessons learned from their association. Journal of the American Medical Association, 243(23), 2418–2421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R. A., Simon, J. W., Krohel, G. B., & Rosenberg, P. N. (1986). Functional visual loss in children. Ophthalmology, 93, 385–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R. A., Trevisani, M. G., & Simon, J. W. (1990). Functional eyelid pulling in children. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 110, 300–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center, U. of M. K. E. (n.d.). Flashes and flickers. Retrieved February 02, 2014, from http://www.kellogg.umich.edu/theeyeshaveit/disturbances/flashes-flickers.html.

  • Chambers, R., & Cinotti, A. A. (1965). Functional disorders of central vision. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 59, 1091–1095.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coats, D. K., Paysee, E. A., & Kim, D.-S. (2001). Excessive blinking in childhood: A prospective evaluation of 99 children. Ophthalmology, 108(1556–1561).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cogan, D. G. (1986). Chapter 2: Diagnostic mistakes in neuro-ophthalmology. In J. L. Smith (Ed.), Neuro-ophthalmology now! New York, NY: Field, Rich and Associates Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cogan, D. G., & Freese, C. G., Jr. (1955). Spasm of the near reflex. American Medical Association Archives of Ophthalmology, 54(5), 752–759.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. E., & White, P. D. (1951). Life situations, emotions, and neurocirculatory asthenia (anxiety neurosis, neurasthenia, effort syndrome). Psychosomatic Medicine, 13, 36–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coverdale, H. (1945). Hysteria in ophthalmology: experiences with New Zealand troops in the Middle East. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 29, 120–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran, K. E. (1966). Ocular hysteria. Postgraduate Medicine, 40(4), 455–458.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, R. C. (1944). Discussion on psychoneuroses. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom, 64, 57–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Schweinitz, G. E. (1906). Neuroses and psychoses. Ocular manifestations of hysteria. In W. C. Posey & W. G. Spiller (Eds.), The eye and nervous system: Their diagnostic relations by various authors (pp. 614–696). Philadelphia and London: J.B. Lippincott Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Schweinitz, G. E. (1916a). Diseases of the retina. In G. E. de Schweinitz (Ed.), Diseases of the eye: A handbook of ophthalmic practice for students and practitioners (8th ed., p. 423). Philadelphia and London: W.B. Saunders Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Schweinitz, G. E. (1916b). Diseases of the eye: A handbook of ophthalmic practice for students and practitioners (8th ed.). Philadelphia and London: W.B. Saunders Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Schweinitz, G. E. (1919). Concerning the ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of warfare. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 17, 128–151.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eames, T. H. (1947). A study of tubular and spiral central fields in hysteria. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 30, 610–611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein, A. (2011). Conversion disorder: advances in our understanding. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(8), 915–920. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110490.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fish, R. H. (1988). Chapter 15. Hysteria and malingering. In F. J. Bajandas & L. B. Kline (Eds.), Neuro-ophthalmology review manual (3rd ed., pp. 163–174). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friesen, H., & Mann, W. A. (1966). Follow-up study of hysterical amblyopia. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 62(6), 1106–1115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garralda, M. E. (1984). Hallucinations in children with conduct and emotional disorders. II: the follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 14, 597–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, E. S. (1955). Psychogenic ocular symptoms. Archives of Ophthalmology, 53, 318–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz, C. G. (2007). J.M. Charcot and simulated neurologic disease: attitudes and diagnostic strategies. Neurology, 68(1), 103–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gogela, L. J., & Rucker, C. W. (1951). Psychogenic changes in the field of vision associated with tumors of the frontal lobe of the brain. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 34, 185–188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, H. R., & Sarnes, C. A. (1965). Trichotillomania: Symptom and syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 482–489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenleaf, E. (1971). The Red House: Hypnotherapy of hysterical blindness. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 13(3), 155–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, H. J. (1944). Hysterical amblyopia: Report of case. Bulletin US Army Medical Department, 72, 84–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, D. O. (1944). War time ocular neuroses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 99, 622–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrower, M. R., & Kraus, J. (1951). Psychological studies on patients with multiple sclerosis. American Medical Association Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 66(1), 44–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, W. (1904). The eye symptoms of hysteria, neurasthenia, and the traumatic neuroses. Medical News, 85, 200–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, A. F., & Symns, J. L. M. (1919). Narrow and spiral fields of vision in hysteria, malingering, and neurasthenia. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 3(1), 17–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kathol, R. G., Cox, T. A., Corbett, J. J., Thompson, H. S., & Clancy, J. (1983a). Functional visual loss: I. A true psychiatric disorder? Psychological Medicine, 13(2), 307–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kathol, R. G., Cox, T. A., & Corbett, J. J. (1983b). Functional visual loss, follow-up of 42 cases. Archives of Ophthalmology, 101, 729–735.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, J. R. (1979). Hysterical hemianopia. The “missing half” field defect. Archives of Ophthalmology, 97(5), 865–866.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, J. R. (1982). Neuro-ophthalmic signs and symptoms of hysteria. Neurology, 32(7), 757–762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keane, J. R. (2006). Triplopia: Thirteen patients from a neurology inpatient service. Archives of Neurology, 63(3), 388–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, J. L., May, W. N., Johnson, C. A., & Post, R. B. (1985). The California syndrome. Functional visual complaints with potential economic impact. Ophthalmology, 92(3), 427–435.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, M. J. (1973). Voluntary nystagmus in two generations. Archives of Neurology, 29, 63–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kodsi, S. R., & Younge, B. R. (1992). The four-meter confrontation visual field test. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 90, 373–382.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krill, A. E., & Newell, F. W. (1968). The diagnosis of ocular conversion reaction involving visual function. Archives of Ophthalmology, 79(3), 254–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krohel, G. B., & Griffin, J. F. (1979). Voluntary vertical nystagmus. Neurology, 29, 1153–1554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langworthy, O. R., & Legrand, D. (1952). Personality structure and psychotherapy in multiple sclerosis. The American Journal of Medicine, 12(5), 586–592.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lessell, S., & Currie, J. N. (1983). Ocular motility testing in the evaluation of visual hallucinations. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 95(6), 772–774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, N., Mor, M., & Ben-Hur, T. (2003). Patterns of misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Israel Medical Association Journal, 5(7), 489–490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, S. A., Siatkowski, R. M., & Farris, B. K. (2005). Functional visual loss in adults and children patient characteristics, management, and outcomes. Ophthalmology, 112(10), 1821–1828. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.05.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linhart, W. O. (1956). Field findings in functional disease: report of 63 cases. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 42, 75–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J. H. (1895). Chapter III. General morbid states of the nervous system (continued). Hysteria. In F. X. Dercum (Ed.), A text-book of nervous diseases by American authors (pp. 87–124). Philadelphia, PA: Lea Brothers & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, A. G., & Davenport, C. B. (1919a). Defects found in drafted men: Statistical information compiled from the draft records. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, G., & Davenport, C. B. (1919b). Physical examination of the first million draft recruits: Methods and results. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullumsmith, C. B., & Ford, C. V. (2011). Simulated illness: The factitious disorders and malingering. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 34(3), 621–641. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.05.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michaelson, I. C. (1943). Ocular manifestations of neurosis commonly found among soldiers. British Medical Journal, 2(4321), 538–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nason, F. E. (1994). Chapter 304: Somatic preoccupations, factitious illness, and noncompliance. In D. M. Albert, F. A. Jakobiec, & N. L. Robinson (Eds.), Principles and practice of ophthalmology (Vol. 5, pp. 3747–3751). Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parinaud, M. (1900). The ocular manifestations of hysteria. In W. F. Norris & C. A. Oliver (Eds.), System of diseases of the eye by American, British, Dutch, French, German, and Spanish authors (Motor apparatus, cornea, lens, refraction, medical ophthalmology, Vol. IV, pp. 727–767). Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, R. T. C. (1951). An investigation of the psychiatric aspects of disseminated sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 14(4), 326–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rada, R. T., Krill, A. E., Meyer, G. G., & Armstrong, D. (1973). Visual conversion reaction in children. II. Follow-up. Psychosomatics, 14, 271–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rada, R. T., Meyer, G. G., & Kellner, R. (1978). Visual conversion reaction in children and adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166(8), 580–587.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rada, R. T., Meyer, G. G., & Krill, A. E. (1969). Visual conversion reaction in children. I. Diagnosis. Psychosomatics, 10(1), 23–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riddell, W. (1944). Ocular psychoneuroses. Transactions Ophthalmology Society United Kingdom, 64, 57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. L. (1986). Spasm of the near reflex mimicking myasthenia gravis. Journal of Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 6(2), 106–108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlaegel Jr., T. F. (1957). In T. F. Schlaegel Jr., & M. Hoyt (Eds.) Psychosomatic ophthalmology. Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Co, p. 523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaegel, T. F., Jr. (1957a). Cornea and sclera. In T. F. Schlaegel Jr. & M. Hoyt (Eds.), Psychosomatic ophthalmology (1st ed., pp. 140–157). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaegel, T. F., Jr. (1957b). Eyelids. In T. F. Schlaegel Jr. & M. Hoyt (Eds.), Psychosomatic ophthalmology (1st ed., pp. 100–130). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaegel, T. F., Jr. (1957c). Headache. In T. F. Schlaegel Jr. & M. Hoyt (Eds.), Psychosomatic ophthalmology (1st ed., pp. 67–82). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaegel, T. F., Jr. (1957d). Psychogenic disturbances of vision and visual perception. In T. F. Schlaegel Jr. & M. Hoyt (Eds.), Psychosomatic ophthalmology (1st ed., pp. 350–403). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaegel, T. F., Jr., & Quilala, F. V. (1955). Hysterical amblyopia; statistical analysis of forty-two cases found in a survey of eight hundred unselected eye patients at a state medical center. American Medical Association Archives of Ophthalmology, 54(6), 875–884.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenfeld, M. A., Hassa, T., Hopf, J.-M., Eulitz, C., & Schmidt, R. (2011). Neural correlates of hysterical blindness. Cerebral Cortex, 21(10), 2394–2398. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartze, G. M., McHenry, L. C., Jr., & Proctor, R. C. (1983). Convergence spasm-treatment by amytal interview. A case report. Journal of Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 3(2), 123–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sietteberg, O., Bertelsen, T., & Hovding, G. (1989). The prognosis of patients with hysterical visual impairment. Acta Ophthalmologica, 67(2), 159–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, E., & Glithero, E. (1965). A follow-up of patients diagnosed as suffering from hysteria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 9, 9–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. R. (1921). Night blindness and the malingering of night blindness. Journal of the American Medical Association, 77, 1001–1003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. J., & Baker, R. S. (1987). Perimetric findings in functional disorders using automated techniques. Ophthalmology, 94, 1562–1566.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. H., Beck, R. W., & Mills, R. P. (1983). Functional disease in neuro-ophthalmology. Neurologic Clinics, 1(4), 955–971.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Souders, B. F. (1969). Functional ocular deviations. American Orthoptic Journal, 19, 55–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spaulding, D. H. (1980). Visual fields and hysteria. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 51(9), 855–858.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spector, R. (1990). The pupils. In H. J. Walker, HK, Hall WD (Ed.), Clinical methods: The history, physical and laboratory examinations (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., Carson, A., Duncan, R., et al. (2012). Which neurological diseases are most likely to be associated with “symptoms unexplained by organic disease”. Journal of Neurology, 259(1), 33–38. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6111-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., Smyth, R., Carson, A., et al. (2005). Systemic review of misdiagnosis of conversion symptoms and “hysteria”. British Medical Journal, 331, 989–997.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, J., Warlow, C., Carson, A., & Sharpe, M. (2005). Eliot Slater’s myth of the non-existence of hysteria. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98(12), 547–548. doi:10.1258/jrsm.98.12.547.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoudemire, A., Stork, M., Simel, D., & Houpt, J. L. (1982). Neuro-ophthalmic systemic lupus erythematosus misdiagnosed as hysterical blindness. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(9), 1194–1196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. (1990). Non-organic ocular disorders. Chapter 33. In D. Taylor (Ed.), Pediatric ophthalmology (pp. 517–524). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific Pub., Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, H. S. (1985). Functional visual loss. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 100(1), 209–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traquari, J. M. (1944). II. Discussion on ocular psychoneuroses: General discussion. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom, 64, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troost, B. T., & Troost, E. G. (1979). Functional paralysis of horizontal gaze. Neurology, 29, 82–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Balen, A. T., & Slijper, F. E. (1978). Psychogenic amblyopia in children. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 15(3), 164–167.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. B. (1957). Clinical neuro-ophthalmology (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkins Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, T. J. (1990). Functional visual loss. In T. J. Walsh (Ed.), Visual fields-examination and interpretation (ophthalmology monographs 3) (pp. 215–219). San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. B., & Hoyt, W. F. (1969). The ocular signs of neurasthenia, hysteria, malingering, and the psychoses. Chapter 14. In F. B. Walsh & W. F. Hoyt (Eds.), Clinical neuro-ophthalmology (3rd ed., pp. 2519–2537). Baltimore, MD: The Williams & Wilkins Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, M. (1905). Unilateral transitory paralysis of the abducens. The Journal of the American Medical Association, XLV(9), 606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weller, M., & Wiedemann, P. (1989). Hysterical symptoms in ophthalmology. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 73(1), 1–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werring, D. J., Weston, L., Bullmore, E. T., Plant, G. T., & Ron, M. A. (2004). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the cerebral response to visual stimulation in medically unexplained visual loss. Psychological Medicine, 34(4), 583–589. doi:10.1017/S0033291703008985.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wist, E. R., Collins, W. E., Army Medical Research Lab, Fort Knox, K., & Collins, W. E. (1964). Some characteristics of voluntary nystagmus. Archives of Ophthalmology, 72, 470–475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wittkower, E., et al. (1946). Night-blindness: A psycho-physiological study. British Medical Journal, 2, 571–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, E., & Lachman, G. S. (1938). Hysterical blindness in children. Report of 2 cases. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 55, 743–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolsey, R. M. (1976). Hysteria: 1875–1975. Diseases of the Nervous System, 37(7), 379–386.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuna, E. R. (1946). Hysterical amblyopia – its differentiation from malingering. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 29, 570–578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuna, E. R. (1951). Hysterical amblyopia in children and young adults. Archives of Ophthalmology, 45, 70–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA

    Robert Enzenauer

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA

    William Morris & Thomas O’Donnell

  3. Denver, CO, USA

    Jill Montrey (Medical Writer/Editor)

Authors
  1. Robert Enzenauer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William Morris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thomas O’Donnell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jill Montrey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Enzenauer, R., Morris, W., O’Donnell, T., Montrey, J. (2014). Hysterical Ocular Functional Disorders. In: Functional Ophthalmic Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08750-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08750-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-08749-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08750-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation