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Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer: Principles, Clinical Applications, and Nanotechnological Approaches

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Book cover Nano-Oncologicals

Part of the book series: Advances in Delivery Science and Technology ((ADST))

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive procedure that can exert a cytotoxic activity toward malignant cells. The procedure involves administration of a photosensitizer (PS) followed by irradiation with light at wavelengths within the PS absorption band. In the presence of oxygen, a series of events lead to direct tumor cell death, damage to the microvasculature, and induction of a local inflammatory reaction. Clinical studies reveal that PDT can be curative, particularly in early stage tumors, can prolong survival in patients with inoperable cancers, and can significantly improve quality of life. Unfortunately, most PS lack specificity for tumor cells and this can result in undesirable side effects in healthy tissues. Furthermore, due to their mostly planar structure, PS form aggregates with low photoactivity in an aqueous environment.

Nanotechnology offers a great opportunity in PDT based on the concept that a nanocarrier can drive therapeutic concentrations of PS to the tumor cells without generating any harmful effect in vivo. Currently, several nanoscale carriers made of different materials such as lipids, polymers, and inorganic materials have been proposed in nano-PDT. Each type of system highlights pros and cons and should be selected on the basis of delivery requirements.

In the following, we describe the principle of PDT and its application in the treatment of cancer. Then, we illustrate the main systems proposed for nano-PDT that demonstrated potential in preclinical models together with emerging concepts for their advanced design.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy

    Claudia Conte, Francesca Ungaro & Fabiana Quaglia

  2. CNR-ISMN Institute of Nanostructured Materials, c/o Dept of Chemical Sciences of the University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina, Italy

    Antonino Mazzaglia

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  1. Claudia Conte
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  2. Francesca Ungaro
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  3. Antonino Mazzaglia
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  4. Fabiana Quaglia
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Correspondence to Fabiana Quaglia .

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  1. Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and the Health Research Institute of Santiago de, Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Maria José Alonso

  2. Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and the Health Research Institute of Santiago de, Compostela (IDIS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Marcos Garcia-Fuentes

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Conte, C., Ungaro, F., Mazzaglia, A., Quaglia, F. (2014). Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer: Principles, Clinical Applications, and Nanotechnological Approaches. In: Alonso, M., Garcia-Fuentes, M. (eds) Nano-Oncologicals. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08084-0_5

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